The Contamination of Dirty Bomb Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Contamination of Dirty Bomb - Case Study Example The presence of low-level nuclear materials cannot be disputed. The places where low-level nuclear materials are produced are everywhere in the world, and that means that the materials are found everywhere. Â  After a dirty bomb has exploded, it is necessary to clean up and decontaminate the affected area. All the materials in the place which have been contaminated should be removed from the place of explosion. When a dirty bomb explodes, there are procedures to be followed to decontaminate and clean up the place. Masks should be provided to rescuers to protect them from inhaling dust and other particulates. The relevant authority should observe and monitor the area for possible hazards. There should be equipment in operation to evaluate the oxygen levels, toxic gasses, and flammable gasses. Once the rescue team gets to the point of explosion, they should remove all exploded materials especially cars as these are assumed to be dirty. The personnel should determine the extent area with toxics and should immediately start to evacuate people to safe places. Â  Large uninjured populations should evacuate themselves. The personnel should provide safe exit routes in conjunction with building managers. The victims should be screened for dose rate, and establish those that need decontamination. The victims should avoid eating or drinking but should go and shower with water and soap. The structures and cars contaminated should not be decontaminated during the initial response process. The contaminated water should be allowed to flow into the drainage systems of the municipal. If possible, the water should be redirected to other channels. The people needing immediate attention should be separated from seriously injured people (Benjamin, 2011). These people should be examined for physical contamination and evacuated.

Models of Integration Implementation Research Paper

Models of Integration Implementation - Research Paper Example Any software development procedure is divided into numerous logic stages that permit the developer to consolidate work competently, in order to build a software product of the necessary functionality within a precise period and financial plan. This model is a progressive scheme process, in which advancement is seen as flowing progressively down, like a waterfall, over the phases of formation, commencement, analysis, scheme, assembly, testing, and upkeep. According to this model, each stage must be finalized before the subsequent stage can begin (Petrice, 2002). This model traces its roots in the construction and manufacturing industries, which comprise highly organized physical settings in which after-the –fact fluctuations are excessively inflated, if not unbearable. This hardware sloping model was merely adjusted for software development at the time for the reason that no software development approaches existed. Winston frequently quotes formal explanation of this model as a 1970 article. He however did not specifically use the word waterfall in the article. He termed the model as an example of faulty, non-working model (Petrice, 2002). According to Royce, the software in request is premeditated and a blue print is drawn for implementers or coders to trail. Once design is thorough, an application of that plan is made by coders, and just before the later stages of the implementation stage, distinct software components manufactured are joined to present new functionality and abridged risk over the removal of errors (Petrice, 2002). This model is not suitable for a high-level plan; it is only applicable in a low-level project plan (Petrice, 2002). This is due to lack of prototype in the earlier stages of the process, until the implementation stage. This might present a catastrophe for a high-level plan, in terms of costs and time spent, for any fault would necessities the repeat of the development process.

Leadership and Management in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Management in Nursing Essay Nursing is a very demanding and dedicated profession and the current shortage is a serious problem at all levels of nursing and is the dearth of leaders among nurses. Leadership and management are essential skills for all qualified healthcare professionals and have a pivotal role in ensuring a delivery of high standards of care. Developing future nurse leaders is one of the greatest challenges faced by the nursing profession, (Mahoney, 2001). The author is currently working as a midwife in one of the big hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The average deliveries per month are 500-600. There are 22 midwives in this unit and there are eight vacant posts for midwives . Due to the shortage of midwives, these professional staffs are subjected to personal and work related stress. Preston et, al. (1981) defined stress as an adaptive response, mediated by individual characteristics or psychological processes. The negative effects of stress could be evident in staff absenteeism, hostility, and aggression. This will impair the provision of quality care and the effective functioning of the organization. (Healy amp; McKay, 1999). The adverse effect of workload and stress in the author’s placement has lead to an alarming high staff turnover. Apparently, the increased workload has affected the staff performances and the quality of nursing care. When the staff feel that they are not cared for, then they find it difficult to care for patients ( Atwater amp; Bass 1994, Lancaster 1999). In this assignment, the author will explore the various leadership styles and their theories and also distinguish the functions between leadership and management. The author will also critically explore the manager’s leadership practice in labor and delivery suite, thus creating a culture of reducing stress. The link of leadership style from the aspect of work, environment, communication, empowerment, delegation, implications, conclusion and recommendations will be discussed further. Leaders are not someone who holds top position but also able to give assistance to others, (Mahoney, 2001). Whereas in my placement, the head nurse, who is the leader, never gives a helping hand during the deliveries. She anticipates the midwives to conduct and manage the deliveries, even though there’s shortage of staff. The nurse manager has to prepare the correct number of staff on each shift with the credentials to do the job and must be aware of the policies regarding overtime, floating from one unit to another. She must form a competent team and manage them to carry out the plan for reaching the goal of excellent patient care. Effective leaders are not merely someone who is skillful but they must acquire good attitudes, (Cook, 2001). The nurse manager must understand the factors surrounding the current situation in the unit and have the knowledge of various approaches to leadership that will help to understand and determine the best leadership approach to create a positive work environment to reduce stress. Leadership is defined as the ability to influence, inspire and motivate a group of people towards the achievement of its goal, (Yuki, 2002). Management is a process of getting things done effectively through planning and organization of services which is one of the basic function of management whereas the leader is an intermediary between work group and the top management, (Marquis and Huston, 2006). The manager uses a formal and rational method whilst the leader uses passions and stirs emotions. Without enabling and empowering nursing leadership, efforts to improve the quality and safety of healthcare will be limited and short-lived, as said by Kelly (2008). For a leader to achieve the goal, she must have the three essential things which are power, authority and influence to act in a way that will stimulate a positive respond from the staff (Tomey, 2009). Leaders will emerge when nurses feel valued and inspired to strive for excellence. They aim to improve patient care via a cohesive work force by focusing on interpersonal relationships between leaders and subordinates, (Malby 1997). A nursing leader should have a distinctive set of personal qualities, integrity, courage, initiative, ability to handle stress, think critically, able to resolve problems without conflicts, skillful communication and must be empathetic. They are not those who control others but they act as visionaries who help staff to plan, lead, control and organize their activities, (Jooste,2004). There are many types of leadership. Autocratic type of leaders are those who make all decisions and expect others to follow without questioning and never seek advice from others, (Sullivan amp; Decker 2005). This situation had made some of the midwives to leave for greener pastures. The current health system has advanced in technology and improved in care giving services (Cook, 2001). The author feels that this leadership style is no longer tenable and fits into the contemporary nursing practice and a consumer responsive culture. Democratic leaders encourage the participant of staff and use a consensus for decision making, (Sullivan amp; Decker 2005) whereas bureaucratic leadership occurs when a leader rigidly adheres to rules, regulations and policies of the organization, (Jenkins and Henderson, 1984). Instead of providing sufficient support and consideration, my nurse manager demonstrates these leadership qualities because she uses rules and policies thus expecting strict compliance from the midwives. . By following the organizational hierarchy’s influence, she puts herself in a high position but never use her power constructively (Masquis amp; Huston, 2006). Due to top management instructions, she adheres to the current policies, making no changes in them but gives verbal instruction and changing policies to her likes and dislikes. This swifts away trust and open communications between the manager and the midwives. Due to unvented stress and high expectations from the nurse manager, the midwives burnout level have been exacerbated . Burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment, as said by Maslach amp;Jackson (1981). Reports have proved that in this kind of environment, patient’s safety is at risk (Institute of Medicine, 2004). Participative leadership allows staff to participate in decision making and actively seek out the participation of those involved. This type of leadership allows staff to feel more committed to the goals they were involved (Faugier amp; Woolnough, 2002). The author feels that the head nurse should have these qualities so that the unit will run smoothly, and the staff will be appreciated and acknowledged so that good nursing care can be rendered. Transformational leadership is especially well suited for today’s fast changing healthcare environment where adaptation is extremely important (Welford,2002). It starts with the development of a vision that will excite and convert potential followers, (Outhwaite, 2003). To achieve organizational success, this style advocates for strong leadership qualities and these leaders use motivation in their approach than use rewards and punishment as said by Kouzes amp; Posner (2002). In the author’s point of view, this leadership is proposed as empowering leadership style which well suits in my unit and to be recognized by the nurse manager. According to Bowles amp; Bowels (2002), transformational leaders create a leadership culture for all team members nurturing empowerment, increase their autonomy and open communication for inclusive decision making. The nurse manager takes responsibilities for discussing care related matters with the midwives which makes them to be motivated and work more effectively to contribute to the development and provision of the unit, (Murphy. 2005). The ability of the leader to articulate a shared vision is an important aspect of transformational leadership (Faugier amp; Woolnough, 2002). Another leadership style is transactional leadership which focuses on providing day to day care between leaders and their employee. It aims to maintain equilibrium and harmony by using incentives to enhance staff loyalty and performance (Bass and Riggio, 2006). Laissez faire leadership is another style that leaves the staff alone to work with no directions or facilitations and is a highly risky form of leadership, (Sullivan amp; Decker 2005). Since the author’s placement is labor and delivery, it’s not advisable to have this kind of leader in this unit as it will increase the mortality rate. The high level of burnout and increased workload due to shortage of midwives and less rest days has resulted them to leave. This disequilibrium may trigger the risk of physical and mental health of these midwives. The manager has depleted the nurses basic psychological needs which are rest and sleep and at the same time reducing their self- esteem, as said in Maslow’s theory of human motivation. The leader should explore barriers and identify conflicts when they arise and collaborate with the team and be able to understand the employee’s perspective (Outhwaite,2003). A more effective form of leadership maybe situational leadership where the leader switches the style depending upon the situation at hand and upon the competence of the staff, (Faugier amp; Woolnough, 2002). The nurse manager must be good clinician and have judgment skills to handle any problem that cannot be handled by the staff. By doing so, the staff will listen to her as she guides them. Communication also plays a vital role as this can prevent conflict and smoothes the progress of team building in the unit Calpin-Davies, (2000). A good communicator gives the staff detailed instructions to perform tasks that are necessary to reach the goal. The nurse manager uses a communication book to provide important information to all the staff in the unit, as supported by Sullivan amp; Decker (2005). By reading and acknowledging with a signature, she assures the message has been reached effectively. As a leader, the nurse manager has to be a good listener. It provides the opportunity to receive valuable feedback that is used to avert some problems and resolve others and also giving greater understanding of the issues being discussed. When there are incidences in the unit, the nurse manager gives a listening ear to the staff and tries to solve the problems. She puts aside preconceived ideas or prejudices when listening to staff. Being a leader, the nurse manager delegates some of the tasks to the staff to focus on more complex aspects of running the unit. She delegates the right task to the right person, for example sending and collecting of narcotics by the midwife as these drugs used are cautioned in Saudi Arabia. A good leader fosters a congenial work environment by coaching, praising and training the staff to perform an excellent job and also by conducting continuous nursing education. Supervision goes in the observation of staff and to evaluate in the yearly performance appraisal. The author would recommend that the nurse manager in this unit has to change her leadership style to She should resources for proper quality care Conclusion Today, healthcare environment requires leaders to be skillful and knowledgeable and have strong inspirational leadership qualities across the health care organization. In this millennium, nursing must make a dedicated effort to nurture its young nurses to grow into effective and motivating leaders.

Case Study: Managing Risk

Case Study: Managing Risk Juaries Fe Dela Cruz John Murphy Molina Introduction This study demonstrates the critical value of having an essential knowledge and practical strategy in managing risk considering the policy and procedures with strategies and operation that can safeguard the organization against the threat of the healthcare business functions and additional option that is necessary for the advantageous and success of the organization welfare. The entire case study elucidated how the two private surgical hospitals integrate as combined facility aiming to provide the highest quality of medical services and other high standard approach resulted to become center of clinical excellence as well as the business prosper with the hold of the name to be well-known as the best facility providing finest healthcare system. Teaming up also bring more risk to the formed unification of the two private surgical hospital. The policies and standard procedure of each organization should be efficiently contemplated bearing in mind of some factors that may jeopardize the i ntegrations. Aiming to eliminate or if not, to reduce negative risk and developing opportunities and success should place the top priority of the organization. Foreseeing objectives of the cost that is maximizing the potential gain and attainment as well as minimizing the likelihood of the severity of losses and negative outcome. The Acute Clinical Hospital must be prepared for any consequence they might face as well as how they controlled and monitored risk to have successful operational healthcare business functions that may benefit the consumer and the producers. The Acute Clinical Hospital’s planned a strategic risk management policy and procedure to safeguard the operational healthcare business function from any risk that may encounter and is identified in nine different risk factors: A. Business Risk As being privately owned by a number of shareholders, the business risk of this organization most likely is more successful and propitious because of the organizations dedication in providing high standards of services and holding their accreditation as the award recognizes the quality of healthcare delivered and the commitment of improvements of the unified hospitals. Unlike government funded healthcare business which is rather fuzzy always relying government economic status in which mostly interfered by some politics decisions, privately owned business is more focus on their endeavor concerning with those that have social or collective interest. However, private business is at risk liabilities under the management and professionalism aspect that is unexpected massive range of events, for instance are government fines, costly lawsuits, data thief and some other criminal activities. Administrative and financial disaster is so disruptive that is hard to recover even to those larger co mpanies. B. Insurance Risk Insurance covers a wide range of perils and incidents except those that are noted in the policy. In business category, insured company covers the loss of income, the incurred expenses or any peril that interrupts the normal business operation. However, insurance contract is the policy. The policy of the insurance may define all or specific covered perils with certain named exclusion. The risk of anticipated losses is transferred from the policyholder to the insurer who has the authority to specify rules and condition. C. Compliance risk There are some standard regulations and rules set by the government on their policy in terms of business sector. Conforming to those arranges of stated requirements and regulation is a must and there will be reasonable punishment if you will not do so either government funded or privately owned business. The potential cost and risk against non-compliance of the applicable requirements that is set by the laws, regulations, contract, policies and strategies as well as the expenses to achieved corrective actions to comply into it. D. Information technology risk Security risk to information technology is one of the problems encountered in modern times most especially in the business sector. Cyber attacked jeopardized the business by hacking their sensitive data via the network. Some important structure of figures might loss that cause harm and a big loss to the system as well as the event to the capital interest of the company that make them vulnerable. Another example that put the business at risk through information technology is fire, flood and the loss of access. E. Legal risk Every country there is a law that is established and should be executed and implemented in order to smoothly run legal. In the business sector private or public, government legal rules must be followed and be adapted to the complex sets of processes. Legal risk in the business sector put concentrations on evaluating the present alternative regulatory as well as the non-regulatory responses to risk. This legal risk entails to have knowledge in legal, social and economic factors along with knowledge and ideals of the business world in which legal groups function. F. Business disruption risk Hospitals are businesses that will hang towards time because of the demand of healthcare by the people. However, when a lot of hospitals have been put up there would be a competition that would be a risk to the business especially when there is no innovation. In addition, technology really plays a big role in healthcare nowadays, due to advancement of equipment used in diagnostic, surgical operations, etc. If hospitals would not improve their equipment business will be disrupted. To demonstrate, people would go to hospitals that have advanced equipment for many various reasons and one of which is to save time. G. Accounting and financial risk In any case, business is about money. Not having the right employees in accounting then there would be a big financial risk which could lead to bankruptcy. Many businesses have shut down because financial risk was taken for granted. Having the right people to manage the flow of money can minimise or stop loss of money which could nourish the business. The purpose of having a good management in accounting can be accomplished by giving relevant information to improve the willingness and ability of the workers to attain the goals and objectives of the company. In addition, it is a necessity to give information on the risks that is taken and its relationship to the risk manner competence of organisations as well as their connection to the profit produced. The demonstration of uncertainty and risk in the system of accounting is limited in technique and scope as well as isolated over different systems. As for now, there is no specialised comprehensive system in accounting for the main reason of representing risk organisation wide in comparison terms has developed. H. Employment practices In hospitals having the right employees to function in their designated areas is an asset to the business. Management should hire the right people for the position to provide the utmost level of functioning. Hiring the wrong people would lead the institution to have a bad reputation which could lead to loss of money. Having excellent doctors and physicians can boost the reputation of the hospital which is nourishing to the business. In addition, having nurses that have finished their degree and have registered to the company is a big help to the management and the patients. Furthermore, having trained, hardworking, loyal employees can help deliver the best service to the customers. Hospitals should provide trainings to its staff to enhance their skills in providing healthcare to the patients. Having the best healthcare providers is a big factor in every healthcare institution for the customers will always go for the best quality care there is with respect to the price. I. Workplace Health and Safety Hospital is a place where most of the people with diseases are confined may they be good or criminals. Ensuring the health and safety of the staff and employees should be given importance, considering that it is the responsibility of the management. Occupational health and safety is important for financial, legal, and moral reasons. If taken for granted could cause legal issues. In addition to this, financial security of the staff should also be given importance by the management. Every employee would go for employers that provide good benefits for their employees. Maintaining and promoting the safety and health of the employees in the workplace to the highest degree of mental, physical, and social well-being would minimise the risk of many issues in the work force. To mention, workers would depart from work due to diseases caused by environmental conditions in the workplace. Although work provides many economic and other benefits, a wide array of workplace hazards also present risks to the health and safety of people at work. These include but are not limited to, allergens, chemicals, physical factors, biological agents, adverse ergonomic conditions, a broad range of psychosocial risk factors, and a complex network of safety risks.

societhf Oppressive Societies :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huck Finn and Oppressive Societies The world in which we live in now is much less oppressive than say the world lived in the middle of the 1800's. Up until the Civil War, the South depended on their 'peculiar institution' of slavery, in order to be productive a successful. Most people believed slavery was not wrong, but those who thought otherwise seldom tried to alter it. In general if surrounded by oppressive environment, one does not usually try to make a difference in that world. This is because people are afraid to defend what is right against a whole mass of people who believe otherwise. Huck Finn in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Billy Budd in Billy Budd, and Frederick Douglass in his autobiography all portray individuals who because of their good, innocent qualities go up against the oppression in their society. Living in an oppressive society does not always draw you to do the wrong thing you are still capable of generating change, whether it be for a certain individual or against a whole mass of people. Billy Budd starts off on the ship the "Rights of Man", Melville obviously showing his intent in the naming of the first ship. This shows that on this ship where Billy wanted to be and chose to be he had rights. That he and the other crew had choices of what to do and how to be. Then along comes the British navy and decides that they are going to take Billy aboard their ship "Power of War". This is when Billy is brought into an oppressive society. This is the navy and wartime during which rules must be followed as well as a lifestyle that must be followed. Billy is a poor innocent boy with a childish stutter. This stutter shows Billy's humane side, a flaw, as well as leading you to the thinking that he has the innocence of a child. This stutter is connected to innocence because of its childish qualities. When most children begin speaking they have some sort of stutter, which usually goes away. The stutter parallels innocence because it is showing that you are just learning how to talk and don't really comprehend the correct way to make sounds, as you grow older you learn and the stutter disappears.

Delisting the Grey Wolf Essay -- Nature Animals Extinction Essays

Delisting the Grey Wolf The United States Fish and Wildlife Service are considering removing the gray wolf from the endangered species list once Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming have enough wolves to be deemed sufficient to continue to expand the wolf population, requiring only that each of these three states have a management plan in effect to prevent the gray wolf from becoming endangered again. With the current attitude of the governments in these states, the wolf should not lose their federal support under the Endangered Species Act as it would merely serve to cause the wolves to become endangered once again, or at best, held to the absolute minimum population that the states can pass off as â€Å"viable, self-sustaining populations† (â€Å"bill†, par. 4). Idaho’s legislature makes little attempt to hide their wish to be rid of the wolves completely. Within the very text of the senate concurrent resolution that seeks the delisting of the wolves, it is stated that â€Å"The State of Idaho is on the record asking the federal government to remove wolves from the state by the adoption in 2001 of House Joint Memorial No. 5. The position reflected in House Joint Memorial No. 5 continues to be the official position of the State of Idaho† (State, 1). The grudging condensation of the legislature to put up with the wolves follows this, declaring in the war-weary voice of an unjustly put-upon that â€Å"in order to use every available option to mitigate the severe impacts on the residents of the State of Idaho, the state will seek delisting and manage wolves at recovery levels that will ensure viable, self-sustaining populations† (State, 1) which is later defined as 15 packs, with as few as 10 packs being acceptable to the st ate before control would reve... ... â€Å"Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2001 Annual Report.† U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2001 . State Affairs Wolf Conservation/Management Plan. Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 134 15 Mar. 2002 . â€Å"Wolf foes see delisting as opportunity.† The Idaho Statesman 22 Dec. 2002 . â€Å"Wolf management bill sent to House floor.† The Idaho Statesman 14 Mar. 2002 . â€Å"Wyoming draft plan for gray wolves criticized.† The Idaho Statesman 9 Nov. 2002 . â€Å"Wyoming plan for wolves gets heat.† The Idaho Statesman 26 Nov. 2002 .

The Negro Movement

Looking back at the history of the culture that has risen from the ashes; one may be quite surprised just how far the African American culture has come. The progression of the African American culture is indeed one to be proud of. From cotton fields to Harlem, â€Å"The New Negro Movement†, sparked a sense of cultural self-determination, with a yearning to strive for economic, political equality, and civic participation. This was a movement that sparked a wide range of advancements in the African American culture. Leaving footprints of great individuals as well as set a path way for future generations to follow; setting a trend for Black greatness. After the American Civil War there was a spark within the African American culture to diminish the legacy of slavery. It started in 1908, with the development of the NAACP (The National Association of Colored People), which led the fight against racial discrimination. What is known as â€Å"The Great migration† in 1914 was the migration of over 500,000 or more Blacks in a six year period; for industry jobs, and overall better opportunities. Blacks were leaving the South headed North in search for something new. This was the escape they longed for from oppressive living and social conditions that threatened life. New York was one of the more appealing states, considering New York schools prohibited separate schools for African Americans. Therefore, education was also made easier for African Americans. By 1819 Harlem, New York had the highest count of Black people in the world. In 1916-17, Hubert Harrison; whom is considered the father of â€Å"The New Negro Movement† established his first association â€Å"The Liberty League†, along with his first newspaper. During the 1920’s and 1930’s, African Americans expressed themselves through Literature, Art, Music, Drama, Movies, and protest. Mr. Harrison encouraged Blacks to expand and improve through education, awareness, and Afro-centric community programs. With â€Å"The Voice† of â€Å"The New Negro Movement† energized the Black community to demand equality. This was in fact the birth of the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is the name given to the period from the end of World War I and through the 1930’s Depression era. During this time, there were many great literary works to come about. A group of writers produced a great group of Literature. Some of those writers include: Alain Locke, who described himself as the â€Å"midwife† to aspiring young black writers of the 1920s. In a 1925 essay entitled ‘The New Negro', Howard University Professor of Philosophy Alain Locke described this transformation as not relying on older time-worn models but, rather, embracing a ‘new psychology' and ‘new sprit'. Central to Locke's prescription was the mandate that the ‘New Negro' had to ‘smash' all of the racial, social and psychological impediments that had long obstructed black achievement. Six years prior to Locke's essay, the pioneering black film maker Oscar Micheaux called for similar changes. In his film Within our Gates, Micheaux represented a virtual cornucopia of ‘New Negro' types: from the educated and entrepreneurial ‘race' man and woman to the incorrigible Negro hustler, from the liberal white philanthropist to the hard core white racist. Micheaux created a complex, melodramatic narrative around these types in order to develop a morality tale of pride, prejudice, misanthropy and progressivism that would be revisited by Locke and others (Rhapsodies in Black: Art of the Harlem Renaissance (London/California: Hayward Gallery, Institute of International Visual Arts and University of California Press, 1997). Black-owned magazines and newspapers flourished, freeing African Americans from the constricting influences of mainstream white society. Charles S. Johnson's Opportunity magazine became the leading voice of black culture, and W. E. B. DuBois's journal, The Crisis, with Jessie Redmon Fauset as its literary editor, launched the literary careers of such writers as Arna Bontemps, Langston Hughes, and Countee Cullen(The Birth of the Harlem Renaissance: History & Timeline — Infoplease. com). Additionally, there were other aspects of Black greatness emerging from oppression. â€Å"†¦Through their artistry, the literature of this period helped to facilitate a transformation from the psychology of the â€Å"Old Negro† (characterized by an implied inferiority of the post-Reconstruction era when black artists often did not control the means of production or editorial prerogatives) to the â€Å"New Negro† (characterized as self-assertive, racially conscious, articulate, and, for the most part, in charge of what they produced). Landmark texts that marked this transformation and encouraged increased exploration of African American experience through literature included The Book of American Negro Poetry (1922), edited by James Weldon Johnson and The New Negro (1925) by Locke. The short-lived literary magazine Fire!! (1926) also had a significant impact on the literary production because it represented the efforts of younger African American writers (such as Hughes and Hurston) to claim their own creativity apart from older artists (such as DuBois and James Weldon Johnson), as well as to establish autonomy from potential white exploiters†¦ (Trudier Harris-Lopez, â€Å"Forward† Harlem Renaissance, Volume I. Janet Witalec, project editor. Farmington Hill, MI: Gale, 2003 Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition. Ed. Patricia Liggins Hill. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998). The Spiritual Coming of Age was solely for African Americans to express thems elves and exert self-determination. To have a sense of race pride. White Literary establishments became fascinated and began to publish their works. African American Literature has impacted American culture in an enormous way. Their writings have inspired many African Americans to continue the legacy in Literature. At this same time, the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey began his promotion of the â€Å"Back to Africa movement. † Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL), which advocated the reuniting of all people of African ancestry into one community with one absolute government. The movement not only encouraged African-Americans to come together, but to also feel pride in their heritage and race (http://www. biography. com/blackhistory/harlem-renaissance. sp). The Harlem Renaissance was a defining movement within the African American culture. 1929 marked the beginning of the end of the Harlem Renaissance. Due to the economic declines, many prominent writers departed Harlem. Although there was not much time during this period, this era influenced many writers to come. Its great moments in History like this that inspire and influence generations to come. The Harlem riot of 1935 was the final event. The progression of African Americans has come a long way. From slavery to Harlem, and beyond; African Americans have made their mark in History. Shortly after the Renaissance, many came into their own creativity. With the emergences of people like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X, Sojourner Truth, the African American culture has gone far beyond what was imagined centuries ago. Many great musicians from jazz era contributed to the mass music frenzy we see today. With great musicians like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong, we now have Kenny G, and Boney James. With Poets such as Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston, we have Maya Angelou, and Gwendolyn Brooks. The Harlem Renaissance has contributed too many great works among African Americans. The African American culture has blossomed in many ways. In the beginning of the 1970’s, African American literature went mainstream, and has continued to do well; moreover, books by Black authors continue today to receive best-selling awards. This also marks the era where African American writings were considered as a legitimate genre of American Literature. The Civil Rights movement made a powerful impression on black voices in the 1960s. Baldwin, whose fiction and essays dealt not only with race but sexuality, family, the ex-pat life, and his childhood in the Church, returned from many years in Paris to participate in the burgeoning movement. Many of Baldwin's most significant works were written in the 60s, including Another Country and The Fire Next Time (â€Å"African American Literature: History, Crossword, Quizzes, Harlem Renaissance, Civil Rights. † Infoplease.  © 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 26 Apr. 2011http://www. infoplease. com/spot/bhmlit1. html).