“Enduring Love”: How appropriate is the title of the novel?

At first glance, â€Å"Enduring Love† may seem a simple title for a novel, not one that invokes serious thought for the reader. Although we expect a story of love, we are presented with a much more complicated array of events revolving around three people, all with their own version of â€Å"Enduring Love†. Ultimately the story revolves around the somewhat content relationship between Joe Rose, an accomplished and well-respected science writer and his partner Clarissa Mellon, a Keats scholar and university lecturer that is until the intrusion by Jed Parry. Brought together by a ballooning accident, Joe and Jed momentarily exchange words, but this moment is the catalyst for a fixation by the younger man, Jed Parry, for the protagonist of the story, Joe Rose. Clarissa also witnesses the accident but she, like Joe, misses the moment that spawns the obsession, which rips their lives apart and in due course, breaks apart their relationship. There are two types of love themes running through this novel, one of obsession and one of pure love. The one of obsession is obviously the love Jed feels for Joe and the pure love is that of Clarissa and Joe. As Jed becomes more and more fixated on Joe, Joes relationship with Clarissa increasingly dwindles until the point where they call it a day and end their relationship. Early on in the novel Joe says â€Å"Lately I'd had the idea that Clarissa's interest in these hypothetical letters [of Keats] had something to do with our own situation, and with her conviction that love that did not find its expression in a letter was not perfect. Every word of this comes true but not in a way Joe had first believed. The title and the events throughout the novel rouse questions on love itself, how to define love, the nature of love, obsession, sanity and insanity. It is very difficult to decipher between love and obsession. If we look at the love Jed feels for Joe, its zealous, crazy and passionate but we could also argue that the love between Joe and Clarissa is all of these things too. So, where do you draw the line? Enduring Love tells the story of a love that is endured and of a story that endures (Joe and Clarissa). It challenges what is defined as a normal relationship and a love that is pathological. We later find out that indeed Joe and Clarissa relationship did endure the intense strain and disturbing fascination of Jed Parry as they are later reunited and go on to adopt a child, so in this sense the title is very appropriate to the novel. There are also a number of other occurrences of love to be endured throughout the novel. There is the story of Jean Logan and her frustration and also obsession at her attempts to uncover her dead husbands secret affair. She turns to Joe for help to find this mystery woman who has caused her so much pain. In this modest sub plot of the novel, it is later proven that John Logan was in fact not having an affair, that is was all an innocent mistake. So all along Jean had been cursing her dead husband, whom she had loved so much. This is another love that needs to endure as Jean seeks forgiveness but she will never truly get that forgiveness as her only hope lies in a grave. Will their love be strong enough to endure this doubting on Jeans part, even if one partner is beyond the grave? It is important to note that seeing Jeans agony and grief over her dead husband, made Joe realise just how much he really loved Clarissa. Joe says, â€Å"It was urgent that I return to London and save our love†. He also realises â€Å"when it's gone you'll know what a gift love was†. A relationship that did not endure their love was that of Clarissa's brother Luke and his wife. Joe calls Luke the â€Å"adulterous brother† and we learn that they are going through a divorce. After this meeting with her brother, Clarissa is evidently anxious as the first thing she says to Joe â€Å"I love you and I've had such a terrible evening with Luke. We discover that Luke is leaving his beautiful wife and two daughters for an actress whom he had met three months before. Clearly Luke is not prepared to give the commitment pure love requires and sees fit to go live in a room over a hairdressers, with this new woman. This relationship provides a stark contrast to Joe and Clarissa's love as it highlights just how deeply in love Joe and Clarissa truly are. Now this new love shall be tested, will their love endure? Once again this is relevant to the title of the novel. The most explicable interpretation of the title of this novel would have to be of Joe enduring Jed's pathological love. Jed Parry's strange homo-erotic religious obsession with Joe in turn leads Joe to almost breaking point. So in this sense Joe is enduring Jed's love, yet this love Jed feels for Joe will never end. We learn that from the appendices, Jed, whilst in a secure mental hospital still writes letters to Joe everyday. The letter we are shown demonstrates that Jed's love is just as strong and passionate as ever. I believe that at the conclusion of the novel, Joe has indeed endured Jed's love as he has survived the bombardment of phone calls, eccentric letters, incessant stalking, an assassination attempt and total intrusion of his private life. The style and techniques implored by Mc Ewan provide us with an engrossing, swift novel, and his unpredictable style further enhances the chilling factor that plays a part in this novel. His style can be deemed as moderately complicated, for example chapter nine when he narrates the chapter from Clarissa's perspective, yet I believe his style is somewhat simple. Joe, being the average science writer not overly interesting or riveting, would initially have been a quite boring protagonist until the obsession begins, that is Joes obsession. In watching Joe become obsessed with being obsessed, whilst everyone else doubts him, this is where the entertainment lays. His techniques of writing make us truly question love and how much love a person can really endure. Jed is prepared to endure Joe's love with his continuity of writing letters and constant thinking and obsessing over Joe. Yet Joe was not prepared to endure this love and in order to end it, he purchased a gun. Clarissa at first was not prepared to endure the love yet she had to endure both her love for Joe and Jed's love for Joe. But we later find out Joe and Clarissa are reconciled. In conclusion, I believe the title â€Å"Enduring Love† is a very appropriate for this novel, not instantly recognisable as a great title but at the closing stages of the novel, it becomes vividly apparent just how satisfying it truly is.

Ediment grain size and mineralogy distribution Essay

The study was done in the Mpenjati estuary. It was found more briefly if sediment grain size and mineralogy distribution change across a beach profile changes and how it change. 4 zoneS of a beach profile were sampled. Quartz is the most stable sediment composition in the surface of the earth, compared to heavy minerals and feldspar (Marshak, 2008). INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to find out how does the sediment grain size and mineralogy distribution change across a beach profile. Mineral is a homogenous, naturally occurring solid inorganic substance with a definable chemical composition (Marshak, 2005). The impacts of the depositional environment, transport and climate on the morphology of minerals oceans are the focus of discussion during the present study of grain morphology (Shaffer,2006). It goes without saying that morphology and texture as well as the intergrowths among ocean minerals are also of utmost importance for the and industrial use of placer minerals (Pipkin, 2007) and by this oceans profiles must not be protected from pollution and disasters. The Mpenjati Estuary has been subjected to extensive sand and stone mining for approximately 40 years and the mining operations affected sediment patterns (matthias et al,2012). Although geologists tend to classify estuaries according to their geomorphology, physiography, sedimentation or tidal patterns but an estuary is an enclosed coastal body of water which is periodically or permanently open to the sea (Whitfield, 2010). The study was done by the University Of KwaZulu-Natal students of BIOL 231 (Marine environments) together with their demonstrators and Lecturer. The study was done in the Mpenjati estuary on the third of August 2013 which is the winter season while the estuary was closed at the mouth. The Mpenjati estuary is an open/ closed estuary located at 30 Í ¦ 58’15† and approximately 165km southwest of Durban Kwazulu-Natal south coast FIGURE 1: Locality map showing Mpenjati estuary (Whitfied, 2003) FIGURE 2: beach profile showing different zones (Schwarts, 2008) MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling was done when mouth of the estuary was closed. Four different zones of the beach profile were sampled which is Swash zone 1 which was closer to the sea followed by swash zone 2, and back beach 1 which is closer to the estuary followed by back beach 2. In each zone 2 clear plastic bags were filled with half way with sand using our own hands and were sealed with sell tape for later processing at the Lab. The plastic bags which had sand were named according to their zones collected from. The collected sediments were then taken to the soil laboratory at the Geological science Department (UKZN) for drying for 3 days. In the laboratory the sieve trays ware weighed using balanced scales after weighing. Sand which came out from drying was crushed and grinded and stirred on to the bowls using a thick pin as if cooking. Sieve trays were stacked together and then placed in a sieve machine where the dry grinded sand was stirred more on the machine for 2 minutes. After the 2 minutes the sand or sediments were poured on to the sieve trays which have different sizes of open holes measured in  µM, the top sieve tray had the biggest porosity and the bottom one had the smallest and was consisting of finest sand. When sieving was done the sieve trays were weighed again in order to obtain the mass of the sediment grains collected on the estuary. From the masses of the dishes the value of Phi (Ø) was calculated:Phi (Ø) = -log2 (d) d = Mass of a sieve /1000 The calculated phi was then used as a dependent variable in plotting graphs for distribution and the cumulative frequency that are displayed in the results. Phi ranged from -1 – 3.47 then the base.This was done for each zone I the four zones which were sampled. A small portion of sediments was collected In each zone of sampling was then placed into a petri dish and was examined by a light microscope for analyzing different types of minerals which were in each set of sediment zone by looking at their grain size, texture, and the mineral composition of the sand. This was done for each zone. The field observations are also confirmed by the graphs that in figure 4 the mass content, sediment mean size goes from high to low from swash zone 1 to back beach 1 showing that as one goes closer to the sea the sediment grain size of the sand and mass increases. Table 1 tells us that the back beach has more quarts e.g The back beach has the highest quarts. DISCUSSION It has been found out from figure 2 that the beach profile is divided into different zones, 4 zones were sampled at the mpenjati estuary namely swash zone 1, swash zone 2, back beach 1 and back beach 2. It was also found in figure 3, figure 4 and table 1 that the 4 zones have different mineralogical distributions and grain size. It was found that the soil colour and texture of the sand changed from zone to zone. The sand was damp with and had shells, little fragments, oysters afflicted by waves and washed to the sand by wave deposit. The ripples indicated wind direction and the wavelength of ripple was 6.5 cm. The deeper side of the ripples is gentle and shorter on the side of the ripples; this is due to north east blow of the wind (Marshak, 2005)) The swash zone is a zone of constant deposition from the beach characterised by moderately to poorly sorted sediments as sediments of first deposition are sub angular with a grain shape of low sphericity compared to other zones in the beac h (table 1). The long shore drift which passes across the beach water body creating wave action energy is insufficient to carry these types of sediments (Shaffer, 2006). The reason why small sediments in size are mostly found at the back beach (figure 3 and 4) is because the wave action slows down its energy in the swash zone so only small sediments in size can be carried towards the back beach leading to well sorted sediments with mature texture as high transportation of  sediments leads to re-deposition and re-transportation (Pipkin, 2007)). Closer to the sea were larger stones and burrows (figure 4) swash zone 1 had the highest mass content followed by swash zone 2 and the reason for this is because closer to the sea there is more wind action (Shaffer, 2006). Crabs adapted to the environment with burrows. Quartz is the most stable sediment composition in the surface of the earth, compared to heavy minerals and feldspar (Marshak, 2008). Quartz and feldspar are dominant in all beach zones (Table 1) this is because they are primary rock minerals, they are found in parent rock e.g. granite which contains these two minerals (Schwarts, 2005). Since so il is the deposited by the chemical weathering of rocks, the minerals also are as a result that deposition. Feldspar makes about 60% of the earth’s crust (Marshak, 2005). Mineral sands contain suites of minerals with high specific gravity known as ‘heavy minerals’. They were found mostly on the back beach 2 (Table 1) and the swash zone 2 because the wind current was not strong enough to transport them away. Those that are found on the back beach 2 are probably deposited by the river inflow and that on swash zone 2 is deposited by the ocean current and cannot be transported further because they are resistant to wave action (Pipkin, 2001). The swash zone was found to have more shells (Table 1) and some broken up and there were smooth, dishaped stones (cables) because of wave action on tide and also pedals. Lithic fragments were found mostly the back beach (Table 1) and only one on swash zone 1 because they are light and easily transported by wave and wind action. In conclusion as the profile is divided into zones it was found that mineralogical distribution and grain size change across the zones of a beach profile. As one go closer to the sea the gran size becomes larger and there was found to be more mineralogical diversity to zones closer to th e sea compare to zones closer to the estuary. Heavy minerals were found in zones closer to the sea and light minerals were found to zones far from the sea, this is all due to processes like wind and wave action. REFERENCES Marshak S.S., (2005). Earth: Portrait of the planet 2nd eds. W.W. Norton & Company, Incl., New York, London Marshak S.S, (2008). Earth: Portrait of the planet 3rd eds. W.W. Norton & Company, Incl., New York, London Matthias (2012) et al, KOTLIK School, AK 9960. P.O BOX 20129, 8 JUNE 2012, The Nushagak Estuary: Its Salmon resource, Potential Threat and proposed management plan. Pipkin B.W., et.al, 2001. Labaratory exercise in Oceanography, 3rd edition. USA Ron Uken 2011, UKZN WESTVILLE CAMPUS BIOL 231 PRACTICAL MANUAL (GEOLOGICAL COMPONENT) Schwartz M.L., 2005. Encyclopedia of coastal Sciences. Published by springer 16 June 2005 Shaffer,R., (2006). The Time of Sands: Quartz-rich Sand Deposits as a renewable Resource. Electronic Green Journal, 1(24):1-35 Whitfield A.K, J.L.B Smith institute of Ichyology, Private Bag 1015 Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa published online: 08 November 2010, 18: 1-2, 89-103, DOL Whitfield A.K Maps and Locations of South African Estuaries Index, Generated by resource quality service 2003-08-08, 14:25:28, S.A INDEX for aquatic Biodiversity.

Compare Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Essay

In the 1960’s there was an uprising of sorts. The â€Å"black† communities were beginning to realize their constitutional rights†¦or the lack there of. There were a few bold souls that decided to take a stand, no matter what the consequences. Many know of Rosa Parks, the woman who decided to take a stand (no pun intended) on a local bus, refusing to give up her seat near the front and move to the back. Others participated at â€Å"sit in’s† inside diners labeled â€Å"whites only†. For every attempt of expressing their desire and need for equality, all efforts were shot down. There was no unity, no one to rally the hearts and minds of blacks and whites alike. But then a pastor from Montgomery Alabama leaded the largest civil rights boycott against busses to date. Through his soothing voice and outstanding charisma, Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the strongest and most influential civil rights activists. But he was not alone in his drive for equality. There were others fighting for the same cause. One of those zealots was a man named Malcolm Little (later ditched his â€Å"slave name† and picked up X to signify his lost tribal name). Both men were similar in many ways, but yet at the same time were very, very different. in his speeches Malcolm refers to himself and his followers as Black Nationalist Freedom Fighter. He viewed the â€Å"white supremacists† as enemies. In his speeches he talks about how the white politicians hired black and white promoters to go into the black neighborhoods to press the flesh for them promising false promises. His belief of Black Nationalism is that they stay away from their enemy. Create their own community and have their own politicians who have the communities’ interests at heart. If you can take notice in his speeches he is not trying to get the blacks to beg for equality or ask to end segregation. He is saying that blacks should unite together and fight against their common enemy. The philosophy of Black Nationalism can be enforced no matter what your religion, he makes points that they don’t hang you because you are Lutheran, Christian, or Muslim, they ha ng you because you are black. He states in several other occasions that these sit in’s cannot accomplish anything. They must take action to affect the crackers. He refers to the Revolution war, how the little tea boycott did not work, how the Americans were tired of being taxed and oppressed and compares it to the struggle for black rights. These are just a few points that Malcolm makes in his speeches. On the flip side, The man, Martin Luther King Jr. gives several  speeches concerning the freedom and the relief from oppression of the black people. For example, in his â€Å"I Have A Dream† Speech, 200 Thousand people, black and white, have gathered to hear the inspiring wordsof Martin Luther King Jr. He asks those gathered to ask the government for their constitutional right to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Then he assures that there will be no rest until the blacks are granted and guaranteed civil rights. This next sentence, it is one of the biggest differences between MX and MLKJr. He said: â€Å"Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred†. That statement is the biggest divider between the beliefs of Mr. X and Mr. King. â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.† I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.† Is there a alternative motive in the eyes of Mr. King? I think not. In the eyes of Mr. X? I believe there is. If Black Nationalism had evolved, it would have resulted in a war. Not a war of words or of silent hate†¦but a violent war of death and destruction. All that Mr. King wanted was his constitutional rights for him and everyone across the globe. Before he was assassinated, Mr. King won the Nobel Peace Prize and an award of $54 ,000, which he promptly donated to his civil rights movement. So through comparing the ideals and lives of both these great and influential men, we can see that they both have a same idea†¦.but methods and desires for change are much different. Mr. King wanted to have a peace full protest, to open the eyes of the public, white or black; Whereas Mr. X wanted change, and he wanted it now.

In depth analysis about article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

In depth analysis about article - Essay Example Despite known contribution of free trade towards economic growth, competitiveness, peace and reduced product rates, the writer has surfaced some serious social and environmental concerns attached to the issue. Arguments thus presented are thought provoking and the ills of free-trade and global integration are discussed at length which were not considered initially at appropriate levels. Social implication of globalization through free-trade are numerous and devastating. Relying too much on the global supplies usually discourages the local grower and manufacturers and thereby results in reduced self reliance which by no means is a good social indicator. Competition in some cases may also force a firm to accept the child labor to reduce costs. A country with strict legislation on social security and child labor find it hard to compete with other lenient countries on these issues. Developed countries have many strict labor protection laws which results in increased internalized costs an d further demolish the chances of a true competition. Therefore, to maintain the competition it is important to lessen the differences of internalize cost among the nations through strict enforcement of social security and child labor laws. The other solution is the imposition of compensatory tariffs on goods from low standard countries.

Richard Kuklinski (Iceman) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Richard Kuklinski (Iceman) - Essay Example The murders he committed and the sufferings he caused in his victims create an image of unbelievable cruelty, which is hardly a sign of normality. However, Kuklinski is not a psychopath in a traditional sense of word. For many years, he was able to conceal his criminal activity behind the veils of almost perfect marriage and family life. What psychopathy is and how it differs from antisocial behaviors is a continued debate. In 1996, Doctor Robert D. Hare wrote an article, which had to expose and explain the criteria for antisocial personality and how they differed for psychopaths. It appears that all psychopaths are necessarily antisocial but not all antisocial individuals are psychotic (Hare). In this sense, Richard Kuklinski (Iceman) is believed to be one of the brightest examples of psychopathy in forensic psychiatry. Several actions Kuklinski did in his crimes lead professionals to believe he is a psychopath. First, the number of his victims is simply enormous: Kuklinski reports having killed at least one hundred of people. Second, Kuklinski recognizes that most, if not all, people he attacked were murdered before he would know them – simply stated, he would kill anyone he did not like at the first glance. Third, Kuklinski turned his asocial quest for murders into the source of considerable profits. Throughout his life, he would trust only his wife and family and profess his love for Barbara and his children (Holmes & Holmes 142). Surprisingly or not, Kuklinski confesses he did not experience any pleasure while committing his murders –throughout his life, sex was his greatest source of satisfaction and pleasure. It is difficult to imagine that a person would commit so many people without any sign of satisfaction with his action. Yet, if Kuklinski is truthful, it only reinforces the picture of his psychopathy. It should be noted that, according to the Five-Factor model of personality, Kuklinski manifests most, if not all, features characteristi c of a psychopath. His neuroticism is extremely low. He creates an impression of being free from any psychological impediments and social disorders. As a psychopathic person, Kuklinski has an ability to put people at ease (Cooke, Forth & Hare 54). Throughout his interview with the psychologist, Kuklinski does not show a single sign of nervousness. Low neuroticism is also the sign of low self-consciousness which is further supplemented with the feeling of low vulnerability to stress and risk (Cooke, Forth & Hare 54). His excessively low anxiousness is one of the best proofs to his psychopathy (Cooke, Forth & Hare 55). Kuklinski does not show any sign of deceptiveness and, unlike many psychopaths, is remarkably stable in his marital relationships (Cooke, Forth & Hare 56). Nevertheless, he demonstrates the signs of antagonistic aggression, low conscientiousness, the need for external stimulation (Cooke, Forth & Hare 56). He is not a psychopath in a traditional sense of word, since he i s able to balance his commitment to deep, prolonged family relationships with coldness and non-emotionality in human relations. It should be noted, that the roots of Kuklinski’s psychopathy date back to his childhood and the episodes of abuse which he experienced from his parents. His father was a railroad brakeman and his mother was a meat packing plant worker (Anonymous). Both parents beat Kuklinski and his brothers. In 1940, Kuklinski’s older brother died as a result of parental violence, but his parents were able to conceal the case from

Personal Philosophy paper Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Philosophy paper - Personal Statement Example However, sadly, the knowledge and the education that is being imparted in schools today is nothing but ‘ignorance’, because rather than making the students wise and happy, it is making them into robots who are hungry for ‘achievement’, ‘success’ and ‘power’. In today’s fast paced life and in hurry to reach the top, teachers have forgotten the real essence of education. Life is not about ‘power’ or ‘achievement’ but is about finding the unique purpose in life and in being happy and content. In psychologist Abraham Maslow’s words, life is about being a ‘self-actualized’ human being, i.e. achieving the highest potential that one is capable of achieving (Malsow, 1971, p.169). Today’s education system thinks that its job is complete by making students ‘qualified’ and ‘intellectuals’. However, the fact is that although educational qualification does help in achieving professional success, it is not enough to attain the complete potential in life. Hence, in my opinion, the purpose of education should be to mold the children into being wise, mature and intelligent human beings, rather than just making them ‘intellectual’ and ‘qualified’ human beings. The purpose of life has been a matter of interest for experts from different fields like psychology, philosophy, religion and spirituality. Different philosophical theories and ideas came into existence with the aim of making this world a better place to live and to help human beings attain happiness and bliss. However, as human being is not just an individual but is a part of the society, the attainment of satisfaction and happiness has become difficult for him. His actions and his behavior depend on people around him. Before taking any action, he spends a lot of time thinking about what others will say if he does it. Hence, human beings have lost touch with spontaneity and natural behavior. In an attempt to

World after the Zombie Apocalypse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

World after the Zombie Apocalypse - Essay Example Different preparedness strategies were communicated to countries through the internet, novels, films, scientific advice, and religion advices (Zombie Apocalypse). People had different perceptions about the zombie apocalypse. Some believed this would happen, and therefore took the advice seriously, however others thought of it as a prank, and did not take any precautions. Things greatly changed when this became a reality. The zombies invasion came, and humans were devastated. Despite the human underestimation of the zombies, terming them as weak and defenceless, the high-tech defence systems of humans did not count during the zombie apocalypse (Zombieland). Today, the effects of this deadly zombie apocalypse remain. Presently, the year 2130 bears a wretched and pathetic United States of America, which is characterised by famine, poor governance, poor sanitation, poor economy, and poor international relations. Survivors of this zombie apocalypse in the United States of America are countable. These regard themselves lucky to have survived such a torturous experience. However, it will be difficult for them to adapt to the life they were used to before. All America reads misery. Clouds of death fill the American skies. Sadness covers the faces of the survivors. It is a devastating, miserable life.

Monopoly...is a great enemy to good management. Adam Smith, (1776), Essay

Monopoly...is a great enemy to good management. Adam Smith, (1776), The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter XI. Discuss - Essay Example In the light of this statement therefore this question involves the discussion of the various market structures and their contribution to the achievement of the highest possible level of allocative and productive efficiency (in both static and dynamic senses).The question already suggests that the Monopolised market structure is not conducive to â€Å"good management† or efficient resource allocation. Resource allocation in a modern economy demands allocative efficiency which means that resources should be allocated to match the wants of society. Essentially this would mean a point of allocation where no redistribution would enable one individual to be made better off without making someone else worse off. Allocative efficiency would therefore consider both the consumer (demand) and the producer (supply) and that it should satisfy the needs of both. This essay will mainly discuss the two main extremes of competing market structures i.e. monopoly and perfect competition and to a slightly lesser extent similar models along the vast range of economic models falling halfway between these extremes for example Oligopolies. Perfect Competition represents the efficiency achieved by an industry which has extensive competition and almost no interference in the market forces either by the sellers or buyers or the government. Monopoly on the other hand represents a rather inefficient means of market structure characterised by lack of competition and extensive market control. 3.The reason the statement by Adam Smith seems to resent Monopoly power is because of the complete market control by the monopolist who as the only seller in the market will control the supply of goods in the market and is able to influence the price of its product sometimes in an unfair way. Perfect competition, in contrast is preferred in this regard as a market structure where each firm has neither got any significant

International People Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

International People Management - Essay Example The research in this particular case applies to an aspect of international people management that is the international transfer of managers. We assess the immediate opportunities of such research as being determined by the number of international management transfers in any given period, the importance to the MNC of such transfers and the possibility of accessing useful data relating to these transfers. International management transfers are a frequent occurrence and there is a corresponding base of information that can be researched or is already available. Management transfers are also relatively important to MNCs. They want to make sure that it works: the impact of a good or bad managerial decision often weighs more that of a non-managerial employee, and this impact increases with ascending management rank. This also motivates MNCs and their representatives to respond to requests for data in the form of questionnaires, if these questionnaires are appropriately constructed and presented. The limitations of such research are in some ways connected with the discussion on the opportunities. The first limitation is that of the willingness or the availability of the relevant contacts in the MNCs to give the data required The second is the way on which such data is to be amassed, either by direct contact (telephone) which can be time-consuming, expensive and not necessarily effective, or by indirect means such as questionnaires sent through the post, which can then increase the elapsed time before results are available as well as the difficulty of chasing up replies and information. Not mentioned in this paper from 2001 are the possibilities now available by Internet with online questionnaires. As a first recommendation, consideration should be given to doing surveys of this time online where possible (Dr. Harzing has perhaps moved to internet-based questionnaires since she wrote this article). Although for a pure Internet-based solution it would also be necessary to know the email address of the person to be contacted, hybrid solutions are also possible: for example, send out a letter which contains instructions to go to a website to fill in a survey. The choice of a paper to critique Our choice of paper was determined by a number of aspects. We sought papers that reported empirical research, either from the creation of primary data, the utilisation of secondary data, or both. We also sought papers that had real meaning and relevance in the field of international people management. Of the various candidates reviewed, we selected Anne-Wil Harzing's paper as fulfilling these criteria. The aims and intentions of "An Analysis of the Functions of International Transfers of Managers in MNCs" The article states its aim as better identification for the reasons for which MNCs (multinational companies) send out

American Politics and Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Politics and Government - Essay Example By examining and addressing these particular issues, we will be able to gain a much more informed and understanding viewpoint on the subject matter at hand, and as well, we will be able to get a better grasp in regards to the matter of the context of political issues today in general. The aim of this paper is to do all of this, and as well address any key and related issues that exist. This is what will be dissertated in the following. When it comes to the issue of the features of American political culture which are used to help balance democracy and elitism in the United States, there are many different features which are present here, and one of the most major is that of the views of political thinkers and historians such as Alexis de Tocqueville, Samuel Kernell, and Robert Goldwin, for example. Tocqueville in particular, as he has discussed in detail - particularly in his work Democracy in America - about such issues as the New World, for instance, and about its burgeoning democratic order. Tocqueville was able to do this properly and efficiently by writing of his travels through American in the early 19th century, and by pointing out several times about how he saw democracy as being a sort of equation, one which balanced liberty and equality, concern for the individual as well as that of the community. Tocqueville points out throughout most of his work Democracy in America that he believes that democracy in America lacks many things, including not only that of the "soundness of judgment which is necessary to select men really deserving of their confidence, but often have not the desire or the inclination to find them out. It cannot be denied that democratic institutions strongly tend to promote the feeling of envy in every human heart, not so much because they afford to everyone the means of rising to the same level with others as because those means perpetually disappoint the persons who employ them" (Tocqueville, 1835). The issue of democracy possibly being in danger of disappearing in the United States is one of incredible significance and one which although has had many doubts along the way as well, has caused an incredible amount of fear and disparagement as well. One of the biggest explanations as to why democracy is considered as being in danger of disappearing in the United States is due to the fact that the freedom of speech is slowly being 'crushed', and it has been considered that the founding fathers of the United States of America themselves would be genuinely concerned in regards to this matter, and about these recent developments in American democracy, and that surely they being who they are would feel that the United States as a country is absolutely facing a clear and present danger, one which is so serious that it has the potential to be able to completely threaten the future of the American experiment. It is considered by some that the biggest threat to democracy in America is actua lly not terrorists, which is what many people seem to automatically

Marks of a Healthy Church Essay Example for Free

Marks of a Healthy Church Essay Introduction In the New Testament, the church can be referred to as the â€Å"local† church or the â€Å"universal† church. The local church is a place where assemblies of believers come together at a particular location and time. The universal church refers to the body of Christ. Many churches believe that they are healthy because they have a certain number of people on their membership roll. Healthy churches measure their spirituality according to God’s Word. This paper seeks to convey that healthy churches are measured in spiritual terms versus numerical terms; follow biblical instead of cultural patterns of ministry; are based on theological instead of sociological foundations; focus on ministry not a marketing model; and adopt scriptural not secular models of leadership. This will be done by examining Kenneth Gangel’s discussion on the different marks that can be used to gauge a healthy church in his article â€Å"The Marks of a Healthy Church.† Brief Summary According to Kenneth Gangel, in his article â€Å"The Marks of a Healthy Church,† he seeks to â€Å"explain the characteristics of a healthy church using the measurements of the spiritual, biblical, theological, ministry model, and scriptural model of leadership.† To accomplish this Gangel cautions spiritual leaders not to get caught up in measuring church growth in numerical terms. They should accentuate the holiness and sovereignty of God through Bible study, worship, prayer, praise, and fellowship. In following biblical instead of cultural patterns, churches do not feel compelled to stay â€Å"up with the times† or get hooked on religious fads and slogans. Churches should not push alot of programs and believe that they are right just because they are successful. They would do well to check them and their success against the Word of God. Gangel also wanted spiritual leaders to ensure that they are paying attention to the true vigor or teachings of biblical theology and not get caught up in sociological perceptions of what the church should be. They should seek God’s plans for the church and tune out outside influences. A healthy church seeks to remain spiritually effective by following the ministry model of the â€Å"Great Commission† according to God’s grace, authority, and resources. Churches must never use the marketing or worldly model of seeking resources to accomplish their goals. Spiritual leaders will have trials and be scrutinized; but they should never take on a secular form of leadership in order to deal with these trials. They must pay attention to the essential functions of guiding and leading a healthy church. Critical Interaction Gangel has taken an in depth approach to explaining what constitutes a healthy church. He seeks to make clear that spiritual leaders have to use a biblical approach to assessing church growth or a healthy church. Some of the theological issues that I have found to be at stake in the article are the beliefs that church growth is an indication that the church is growing according to what God has mandated for the church. Church growth should always be evaluated to ensure that the growth is occurring for the right or biblical reasons. The other theological issue is making sure that the spiritual leader and the church are not conforming to the world and its way of doing things. The Bible is the road map that has been given to the spiritual leaders and the church to ensure that they do not go wrong or spiritually off course. Gangel’s opinion that the church should not get caught up on spiritual fads and slogans is backed by John F. MacArthur’s warning that the abandonment of the scriptures as a regulatory principle has opened the church to some of the most detestable of abuses. These abuses include bringing in secular artist into worship services, a sideshow with a carnival theme, and wrestling shows. Gangel is prompted to write about this subject because he was noticed and read about churches hinging their spiritual health on numerical terms of growth instead of biblical terms. His goal is to enlighten and warn the church to make sure they are using biblical measurements in determining the spiritual health of the church. The author has done an exceptional job in proving his thesis, that there are biblical marks or measurements of a healthy church. Gangel’s key strengths in this article are the five biblical marks that he has used to compare to the secular tenants that society likes to use. As he was explaining the five biblical marks of a healthy church, I wish he would have addressed what happens to a church that follows the tenets of society. Conclusion This paper has critiqued the article â€Å"Marks of a Healthy Church.† The author’s discussion in this article clearly lets us know that church should use caution when it comes to evaluating its growth. The marks that should be used to assess the health of the church are spiritual, biblical, theological, ministry model, and scriptural model of leadership. Everything that the church does should be checked by the Word of God. After reading this article, someone may make the claim that the church should do what it has to in order to reach the unbeliever. In my opinion, we as believers are not to let down our beliefs in what God has commanded us to do in order to reach an unbeliever. By all means, we can use Godly tools to witness to them where they are. Selected Bibliography Enns, Paul.The Moody Handbook of Theology.Revised and Expanded. Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2008. Gangel, Kenneth O. 2001. â€Å"Marks of a Healthy Church.†Bibliotheca Sacra,no.158 vol.632 (October December). http://galaxie.com/article/5724 (accessed October 15, 2012). MacArthur, John F., â€Å"How Shall We Then Worship?† in The Coming Evangelical Crisis,ed. David Wells (Chicago: Moody, 1996), 181 [ 2 ]. Paul Enns, The Moody handbook of Theology, Revised and Expanded (Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2008), 257 [ 3 ]. Gangel, Kenneth O. 2001. Marks of a Healthy Church. Bibliotheca Sacra 9, no.28 vol. 632 (October December). http://www.galaxie.com/article/5724 (accessed October 15, 2012). [ 4 ]. Ibid., 468. [ 5 ]. Ibid., 469. [ 6 ]. Gangel, 470. [ 7 ]. Ibid., 474 [ 8 ]. Ibid. [ 9 ]. Enns, 359-360. [ 10 ]. MacArthur, John F., â€Å"How Shall We Then Worship?† in The Coming Evangelical Crisis, ed. David Wells (Chicago: Moody, 1996), 181 [ 11 ]. Gangel, 467-468. [ 12 ]. Ibid.

Effects of Computers and Technology on Society Essay Example for Free

Effects of Computers and Technology on Society Essay The development of office computers in late 70s has made a major breakthrough in our present society. Although the earlier computers were used solely for the purpose of processing and transmitting military data, the realization on the use of computers bear out the office computers we have today. Office tasks have never been easier since the computers have been dedicated to complete such enormous and taxing jobs in data processing. Since then the work loads particularly in the office have become minimal and less stressful for the employees. Suddenly because of our innovativeness we began to explore more and come up with more sophisticated computers we use today. The earlier versions of computers were unpopular because they are bulky and with heavy features which makes them inappropriate for small offices. Thus most of them are installed on laboratories and engineering rooms. As computers continued to be innovated, their sizes have been greatly reduced but they are now faster and more reliable. They can now be used for word processing which is a very essential in processing documents. In the mid-80s the dimension of the computers continued to be lesser into portable desktops and can now be placed on top of office tables. Indeed they now evolved to be more compact, lighter, faster and more powerful. They can now run multiple programs and software at the same time. Then in the 90s the age of the Internet has arrived. From the introduction of powerful computers now comes the most usable means of transferring data and messages all over the world. Here is the now the world of the World Wide Web or the Internet. The Internet has developed into one of the most powerful medium for universal communication, mode of information provider, highway for electronic transactions and most convenient source for entertainment. The Internet link computers by phone lines and high speed digital lines which networked all computers that are spread out around the world. Technology which brought up the invention of the computer and the Internet has made everything possible. We have improved a lot by leaps and bounds. The Internet as today’s most ingenious form of technology has greatly influenced our lives. We can now find jobs just by browsing the Net, watch movies from different websites, search for anything and everything that is beyond our imagination, source out information on any subjects and conduct transactions with other people around the globe. It is now so easy to send messages just by typing our texts using our email address and with a click of a button can send the message to other emails. Transferring the message may just take few seconds. Another example to prove the efficiency of the Internet are the chat rooms that can transfer bulk of messages and pictures in seconds at the same time. These are only few but most usable contributions of the â€Å"technology† we use today. Since the Internet has become the highway for the largest and widest medium of communication and information exchange, business transactions and on-line commerce have developed into the most popular method in business operation. The largest online deals in the world such as the Stocks Exchange and the Foreign Exchange currency trading rely on the Internet to conduct business. In line with this technology, the computers, however, also became sophisticated and powerful to carry on the task of processing data and information hundred times better than what ordinary computers can do three decades ago. To frank and honest this is what people want to invent and invest on technology to make things lot easier for us. Even ordinary house chores are now performed with the aid of the machines. We have invented washing machine, the dishwasher, the floor polisher, the air-conditioning system and the television for our entertainment. How wonderful it is to live in a world full of magic brought about by the gadgets, machines and equipment we make. But after all of these amazing things have been invented did it benefit the society in general? It is true that the inventions of machines have made things lot easier, faster and more precise. But do you know that since technology has greatly improved, millions of jobs have already been lost because they have become obsolete? As we advance in our future and develop more technology there is also displacement of man with their profession. We use to power everything by hand then by the machines and now by the computers. Why would manufacturing companies hire production people if they can mechanize and computerize every process in their factories? Why would car makers hire people for car assemblies where they can buy machines that are programmed and automated? Machines does not take their break, do not complain about abuse and no need for any insurance? Obviously because of our â€Å"technology†, people are getting phased out of their circulation and depriving them to earn their living. The computers, the Internet, the game gadgets, cell phones and accessories have also loosen our touch with the reality thus our bond with our families are also affected. The realization of the technology which has widened man’s contact into the outside world has in a way confined him to smaller virtual world that rely on technology alone and not on physical attributes (Ghimire 2006). On the side of the economy, however, the negative impacts are obviously caused by the advancing technology. It is true that many people preferred engaging on technology-based education have benefited with the continuing trend in science. But what happened to those who did not earned degrees or does not have knowledge with the trend? How can they cope up with the world that is being run by this technology? Would they remain to be at the bottom of the ladder because the skilled people take all the best opportunities? Since the early 70s, computerization started to liberalize workforce, American workers with non-degrees begin to feel the squeeze. This is because the technology has started to manage the world in a more synchronized and automated manner. The most favored jobs have turned the table in favor of the educated and the skilled. To cope up with the development, courses in relation to technical skills, computer and software engineering and programming were offered. Today, the people who dominate the highest income brackets come from among those who specialize in this field. The jobs for the unskilled have become leaner and the demand for their services was greatly reduced making them poorer, ignorant and unfit for employment. According to L. Mishel, Director for Research on Welfare Reform Network, the hazard on the development of information age is that while the technology can replace workers with cheaper cost, this trend might become self-destructive with the economy because there will not be enough purchasing power to push the economy onward while we lead our lives into the future. To ease the effect of technology on people, Mishel suggested that there must be political action to make societal evolution beneficial to everybody (Smith 2007). But although the technology has affected those who are untrained, the computers and the Internet have produced a digital world of information and accessibility. Almost everybody can now reach out to the Internet. You only have to go online to order goods, books, clothes or even groceries and it will be delivered directly to you. The Internet also benefits the older people because they can now email people they want to get in touch with. If you happen to feel sick and want to check for yourself about the symptoms you have you can check from the Internet to avoid health hazards. Moreover, the computers and the Internet have created a world full of opportunities. Jobs are being created and obtained everyday because there are always new jobs entering the Internet sphere. This is especially beneficial for those who have skills with regards to Information Technology. Based from the 2005 – 2006 National Association of Colleges and Employers, the regular computer engineer can earn more than USD53, 000 a year for their first year of employment while the entry level management can make up to USD 38,000 as well. Even small businesses have greatly benefits from this technology. Business owners can now advertise their product through many websites and can organize employee schedules with programs like Microsoft Excel. There are also online educations today that many universities offer and the opportunities are getting larger. It is projected that by the year 2009, one in every ten students will be enrolled in an online degree program. However, there are always disadvantages from the advantages. Now the backlash from this advantage does involve risk with every person registered on the Internet. Identity theft has always been the number one crime in the United States. Although programs are constantly created to protect users from Internet hackers and scammers, there are also lots of experts who use their knowledge to commit fraud in their favor. Billions of dollars are being stolen because of identity theft, scams and online fraud. Unfortunately only few of them are getting caught and usually the discovery was too late before the harm has been done. Even the movies and TV series which are supposed to be legally shown only on cinemas and televisions are also being shown on the Internet without proper license and agreement with the producers. Recently the Writer Guild of America demanded payments from the owner of the domains. In effect, the rights of producers, TV stations, actors and actresses are violated and the chances to earn from these shows are lost. Sadly as the worlds of computers are here to stay there are always dangers in getting scammed in every step of the way (Weidenfeld 2008). And so as the technology changes in its fast paced environment we, as users also changes as well. Let’s just hope that we could always cope up with any changes that the age of information and technology can bring us. There would be transformation and modification, of course but with less time to prepare we may probably make the wrong choices and our technology even it was intended to develop can destroy us (Graves 1990). Summary Computers and the Internet are two of the most brilliant discoveries of man. Life has never been easier with their aid. Computers are the most used and essential equipment in the office or even at home. Everybody almost have it because of its functionality and usage. The Internet on the other hand has succeeded in building gaps between people, races and cultures and provides us the opportunities to explore all things that exist here and beyond our world. But while we are joyful of the benefits of these forms of technologies not everybody is at their advantage. From the very first introduction of computerization, the untrained and the unskilled began to feel the hardships of being uncompetitive. The technology has created jobs according to its own trend. If you are unskilled and wants to earn a decent living you have to sweat it out to and can be able to earn minimum wage while the new generation of computer experts enjoy their chances in their virtual world. This is the general belief of some observers. Analysis According to the points presented, there are always advantage and disadvantage at any prevailing discoveries of man. Man is a very adaptable creature and he makes discoveries according to his needs. The Internet and the computers have naturally eased up our burdens with our jobs, communication and commerce. But with this technology there is the theory that lots of people still blame technology as the culprit in decimating their chances to be competitive. Accordingly, people living on rural societies as well as the older people and the unskilled feel that they are always left out with the technology making them helpless and useless. But my personal opinion relies not how quantitative the advantaged of technology to most people but how the technology could benefit all people in any society. Technology does shape our future but our future depends on every fiber in our society which means that the people alone are shaping the future not the technology. Technology is merely the product of our modernization and innovation that is continuously taking us higher to new realities and development. But we lest not forget that technology can also be erased, altered or reprogrammed because the society is making the technology themselves. However, the complexities of the issues discussed here is that has the introduction of the computers and the Internet really affected our society in general? True enough the untrained and the uneducated can find it hard to participate with the virtual world. But does technology was created to rationalize people according to their capabilities? I think not. Whether we like it or not our technology with computers and the Internet will continue to advance and so there are no chances in going back to pick those that have been left out. There are always two sides of the coin here. It is up for the people to choose. If we are people with strong mind and interest to cope up then we can be able to discover how wonderful the technology can bring. Computers and the Internet are not complicated, adaptable, beneficial and educating people continuously. Whatever jobs and opportunities you wanted can be found in the Internet regardless of what you can do. Just look around and observe. Even children, the elderly and disabled people can benefit from the technology. Education, jobs, opportunities and communication is now empowered by our technology. The old days of manual labor is almost over. We invent things to make things easier and there is nothing wrong with doing the job the easy way. If there are people who are against of this technology it maybe because they are closing their mind with it. The Internet offers all kinds of prospects in learning, opportunities and information. It is only right that we have to take advantage everything that it offers because for sure we would definitely grow with it References: Ghimire, Shakti. 2006. Effects of Computers and the Internet on Society. in Student Operated Press. Vero Beach, Florida: SOP. org. Graves, James. 1990. Technology and Its Effect on Society. Smith, Hakeem. 2007. How Emerging Technology Affects Modern Society. Weidenfeld, Kelly. 2008. Effects of computers and the Internet on society Helium.

Clinical case scenario assignment

Clinical case scenario assignment The impact of oral conditions on an individuals quality of life can be profound, more so when they are increased risk patients such as the elderly or those with Down syndrome. These individuals experience the same dental problems as the general population; however, poor oral health may add an additional burden, whereas good oral health has benefits in that it can improve general health, social acceptability, self-esteem and quality of life (Fiske, Griffiths, Jamieson, Manger, 2000). When formulating an oral health care plan for higher risk patients, it is valuable to have a general knowledge of how to treat such cases. This assessment will explore two clinical case scenarios and the process through which each treatment plan is developed. Furthermore, the importance of providing a patient with quality care, rather than merely treatment, will be explored. CASE 1 Appointment 1: Complete Initial Assessment Take medical history According to Duggal, Hosy, and Welbury (2005, p.42), taking a comprehensive case history is an â€Å"essential prelude to clinical examination, diagnosis, and treatment planning†, and also plays a role in establishing a relationship with the patient. In this case the patient is a thirteen year old female with Down syndrome, a genetic disorder that ranges in severity with unique characteristics that can influence dental care (Pilcher, 1998). It is associated with physical and medical conditions such as cardiac defects, compromised immune system, and upper respiratory infections (MacDonald Avery, 2000). Dental consideration The history reveals that the patient received surgery for a cardiac abnormality at birth, and does not require antibiotic cover for dental treatment. The National Heart Foundation of New Zealand (2009) state that antibacterial cover is given as a prophylactic measure to prevent endocarditis; a serious and potentially fatal infection that affects the endocardium when bacteria is transported through the blood stream from the mouth because of dental work. Although prophylaxis is not necessary, consultation with the patients physician is crucial to determine any underlying medical conditions that concern her dental treatment. According to Pilcher (1998) the eruption of teeth in persons with Down syndrome is usually delayed, may occur in an unusual order and there is an extremely high rate of missing teeth in both the primary and permanent dentitions. Therefore, it is important to maintain the primary dentition for as long as possible. Additionally, The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) (2010) state that patients with Down syndrome can experience rapid destructive periodontal disease thought to be a result of their lowered host immune response. Other related factors include abnormal tooth morphology with an increased likelihood of smaller or conical roots, bruxism, malocclusion, and poor oral hygiene (Boyd, Quick, Murray, 2004). Therefore, good homecare is vital to manage periodontal disease and carious lesions. The mental capability of people with Down syndrome can vary widely (NIDCR, 2010), which is why as a health professional it is important to perceive how much information the patient is able to comprehend. Education should be given to the family and caregiver to ensure optimal homecare is provided. Plaque index Taking a plaque score is a quick and useful way for a dental provider to assess oral hygiene by estimating the tooth surface covered with debris and/or calculus (Wilkins, 2009). The patient has plaque deposits along the gingival margins of many tooth surfaces and calculus deposits on the lingual surfaces of the lower anterior teeth indicating poor oral hygiene. Periodontal probing It is described that the patient has red and inflamed gingival tissues with the worst area associated with the upper anterior teeth. This is likely to be a result of mouth breathing which is common in patients with Down syndrome due to a small nasal airway and incompetent lips (Pilcher, 1998). Periodontal charting will determine whether the condition is gingivitis which is reversible or periodontitis. If there are periodontal pocket depths greater than 3mm, bone loss and root surface involvement, a more extensive treatment will be required (Wilkins, 2009). Record examination and dental charting Upper permanent lateral incisors appear to be absent Upper deciduous canines show no mobility permanent canines not visible Mesial marginal ridge of 75 broken down as a result of dental caries and is symptomless Fistula buccal to 74 Permanent incisors and first molars show signs of mild to moderate hypoplasia Radiographs Bitewing radiographs should be taken to check for bone levels, calculus, overhangs of restorations, and carious lesions in the posterior teeth. An orthopantomogram (OPG) will determine the presence and position of permanent teeth and assess growth and development as well as other pathology (Cameron Widmer, 2003). Additionally, a periapical radiograph will be necessary for pre-operative assessment of tooth 74 and 75 to determine the origin of the fistula. Diagnosis Abscessed tooth (74 or 75 depending on radiographs) 75 has dental caries with pulpal involvement Periodontal disease (depending on pocket depth) Differential diagnosis: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis or Chronic periodontitis Mild to moderate molar incisor hypomineralisation hypoplasia Oral health education and instruction The patient has poor plaque control and therefore should be taught brushing and flossing techniques using the tell/show/do method so the dental provider can see how well the patient and parent or caregiver understand what is being instructed. She should be advised to brush at least twice a day and floss daily, as well as brush the tongue and gingiva. The use of an electric toothbrush and floss holders should be recommended as those with Down syndrome often have limited manual dexterity (Sacks Buckley, 2003). Additionally, a high concentration of fluoride such as Neutrofluor 5000 Plus toothpaste is recommended for daily use by patients with high risk of dental caries which Wilkins states will promote remineralisation and help strengthen the teeth (2009). Dietary advice Diet should be discussed with a focus on finding if the patient has a lot of sugar in her diet and educating her on the effects of cariogenic foods, perhaps using Stephans curve to explain depending on her level of understanding. The patient should be encouraged to eat cheese, unsweetened yogurt, milk and other dairy products as they contain calcium, phosphorous and magnesium which helps protect dental health (The Dairy Council Digest, 2000). Moreover, sugary and acidic drinks should be minimised as they can cause enamel erosion. It is vital the parent or caregiver receive this information as they may have a significant influence over her diet and pamphlets taken home to serve as a reference or reminder. Formulate a treatment plan Cameron and Widmer (2003, p. 6) state that treatment should be performed in the following order: (1) Emergency care and relief of pain, (2) preventive care, (3) surgical treatment, (4) restorative treatment, (5) orthodontic treatment, (6) extensive restorative or further surgical management, and (7) recall and review. Once this has been completed it should be discussed with both the patient and her parents or caregiver and informed consent must be given. Appointment 2: The amalgam restoration in the 74 is described as appearing sound but there is a fistula present buccal to the tooth. A fistula is a channel allowing excess exudate to drain from an abscess (Ibsen Phelan, 2004). Although this can be painless, it is considered an emergency and should be dealt with before any dental treatment. It is likely that the fistula is related to the 75 which is broken down due to dental caries. When the marginal ridge of a primary molar is broken down due to dental caries, the pulp is consistently exposed (Cameron Widmer, 2003). Although the 75 is described as symptomless, this may be because the drained exudate is relieving pressure from inside the tooth meaning it is less likely to be painful. If the PA radiograph confirms that the carious lesion on tooth 75 has pulpal involvement, it will be treated with either pulpectomy or extraction. Pulpectomy: If tooth 35 is not present, the 75 should be preserved and a referral to a dentist to perform root canal therapy will be given. It is advised that a stainless steel crown be placed as according to Cameron and Widmer (2003) this is the strongest possible final restoration following pulpectomy and will be necessary to preserve the 75 for as long as possible. Extraction: If 35 is present, the 75 should be extracted. However if 35 is not ready to erupt, a space maintainer is recommended to preserve the gap after extraction of 75 to prevent the adjacent teeth drifting into its space. This will enable the 35 to erupt in the proper position and prevent malocclusion in the future and will require a referral to an orthodontist. The amalgam restoration on tooth 74 appears sound and depending on radiograph results, if there is no abscess on tooth 74 and 34 is present, no treatment is needed on this tooth. If there is abscess on 74, the same treatment for abscessed 75 is indicated. Appointment 3: Reassess oral hygiene: Reinforce good behaviour and make necessary recommendations for continual improvement. Scale and polish: The aim of this is to remove as much bacteria from the oral cavity as possible and have a healthy mouth to perform restorative work in. According to Stefanac and Nesbit (2001), when planning treatment, it is sensible to put the least invasive treatments first when possible so that the patient can familiarise themselves with the dental setting and feel comfortable. (Pilcher, 1998) states that having a patient with Down syndrome that is relaxed and at ease can assists with cooperation in the chair and useful for future appointments. Hypoplasia: The permanent incisors and first molars are described as having mild to moderate hypoplasia. Enamel hypoplasia is a deficiency in quantity of enamel that results in a defect of contour in the surface (Cameron Widmer, 2003). This defect can cause tooth sensitivity, may be unsightly and more susceptible to dental caries. A compromised immune system is a characteristic of most individuals with Down syndrome which contributes to a higher rate of infections (Pilcher, 1998) and it is possible that the hypoplasia is related to the patients condition. Because of the teeth involved, this is likely to be Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) which is defined as a hypomineralisation of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars frequently associated with affected incisors (Weerheijm, 2003). It is important that MIH be treated as soon as identified to minimise the heightened risk of dental caries and prevent the patient from experiencing tooth sensitivity. Treatment options depend on the severity of the hypoplasia and the symptoms associated with it (University of Iowa, n.d.). It should be noted that the worst area of inflamed gingival tissue is associated with the upper anterior teeth which could be a result of the patient avoiding these as they are sensitive or painful to brush. It may be useful to ask the patient about this so that education can be given on the importance of brushing all areas and the problem can be addressed. In this case scenario, the most effective treatment would be the application of a fluoride varnish to the hypoplastic areas followed by resin-based sealants. Alternatively, if ideal moisture control cannot be achieved, glass ionomer sealant can be used. According to Subramaniam, Konde, and Mandanna (2008), the retention of resin sealant is seen to be superior of that of the glass ionomer which should be treated as temporary only. Cameron and Widmer (2003) explain that localised defects may be restored with composite resin and pitting defects may require stain removal with either rotary instruments or some sort of bleaching system. Furthermore, if there is sensitivity, the use of tooth mousse products should be advised to assist with remineralisation and desensitisation of the teeth (Walsh, 2007). Appointment 4: Remove IRM: Although the temporary restoration on tooth 65 is sound, it should be replaced with a permanent filling as Mount and Hume state that zinc oxide eugenol hydrolyses in time and should not be used for over six months (1998). Additionally, composite should not be used because the release of eugenol will inhibit the polymerisation of the composite resin (Mount Hume, 1998). Therefore, an amalgam restoration should be placed on tooth 65 if the radiograph shows tooth 25 is present. If the permanent successor is not present, the temporary restoration should be replaced with a permanent restoration like a stainless steel crown and may require pulpotomy depending on how far the carious lesion has progressed in the tooth. Recall: A three month recall should be arranged as the patient is high risk for caries and periodontal disease. It is essential that optimal oral hygiene is maintained and well monitored by the dental practitioner. CASE 2 The human needs of each older adult must be assessed individually and not based on preconceived stereotypes as the healthcare needs of elderly persons can vary from health to severe illness (Darby Walsh, 2010). According to Fiske et al. (2000) there is a general trend for a reduction in edentulism and an increase in the retention of natural teeth. This attitude leads to more people wanting to understand how to best maintain good oral hygiene and it is the role of the dental provider to assist these individuals with appropriate educational instructions. In this clinical case scenario the patient is an 81 year old man who comes to the clinic for dental hygiene care. Appointment 1: Complete Initial Assessment Take medical history The patient shows early signs of Parkinsons disease; a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of neurons that produce dopamine (Little, Falace, Miller, Rhodus, 2008). Loss of these neurons results in characteristic motor disturbances including a resting tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. It is common for those with Parkinsons disease to also experience xerostomia as a result of polypharmacy and is significant as this increases the risk of periodontal disease and coronal and root surface caries (Wilkins, 2009). It is described that the patient has mild congestive heart failure which The American Heart Association (2011) state is the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body and can be a result of myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. As the heart failure is mild, he will not require antibiotic prophylaxis for dental treatment however it is wise to confirm this with his physician. The patient is taking nitroglycerin tablets under the tongue to relieve chest pain several times a week. It is taken sublingually for immediate relief of chest pain by reducing the oxygen need of the heart and may cause dizziness, light-headedness and fainting and may cause xerostomia (Medline Plus, 2011). The patient has stiffness in the fingers of his dominant right hand due to arthritis; an inflammatory or degenerative process which involves the joints (Arthritis Foundation, 2011). Patients with arthritis may experience pain, swelling, limitation of motion and deformity of the joints and may find it difficult to keep an open mouth for long dental procedures. Oral hygiene assessment The patient has poor oral hygiene. It is likely that due to his arthritis which affects the fingers in his right hand, he is not adequately brushing quadrants 2 and 3. It should be noted that there are signs of abrasion lesions on the buccal surfaces of quadrants 1 and 4. Abrasion is the mechanical wearing away of tooth substance by forces other than mastication (Wilkins, 2009, p.272) and this is likely to be a result of the patient vigorously brushing horizontally. Furthermore, he has heavy plaque deposits on the lower lingual and all interproximal which indicate interproximal plaque removal methods must be instructed. Periodontal probing All periodontal pockets measure 1-3 mm except for 26 mesial with a probing depth of 4mm indicating generally good periodontal health. Record exam and dental charting 27 moderately filled teeth present with tooth 25 lost due to a fractured root Gingival recession is present with 1-2 mm areas of root surfaces exposed on most teeth. A couple of theses surfaces present with light brown marks that are soft to touch Tooth 26 shows sign of periodontal bone loss palatally as well as tipping and drifting forward into the space left by 25 Heavy plaque deposits on the buccal surfaces of quadrant 2 and quadrant 3 as well as lower lingual and all interproximal surfaces Very light plaque deposits on the buccal surfaces of quadrant 1 and quadrant 4 Some surfaces with light plaque show signs of abrasion Radiographs To complete the initial assessment, bitewing radiographs and an OPG should be taken. This can give the dental provider information on alveolar bone levels, plaque retention factors, interproximal and secondary caries, furcation defects, subgingival calculus and additional pathology (Tugnail, Clerehugh, Hirschmann, 1999). A periapical radiograph of tooth 26 is taken to examine bone loss and to check for subgingival calculus and root surface caries. Risk assessment The patient is at high risk of developing dental caries and moderate risk for periodontal disease due to his medical history. His lack of manual dexterity associated with Parkinsons disease and arthritis, makes adequate plaque removal difficult to achieve. Moreover, due to medications, he is more likely to have xerostomia which will increase his risk of periodontal disease and dental caries, especially root surface caries (Wilkins, 1999). Diagnosis Moderate plaque-induced gingivitis Localised moderate chronic periodontitis on tooth 26 due to tilting Generalised gingival recession Toothbrush abrasion Areas of root surface caries Oral health education and oral hygiene instruction Perhaps the most important treatment a dental provider can give is that of oral health education, information, promotion and counselling. This enables the patient to maintain good oral hygiene themselves and prevent further disease processes. In this clinical case scenario it is vital to advise the patient on homecare which will address his risks of dental caries and periodontal disease. According to Darby Walsh (2010) caries control and prevention activities must address three interrelated factors: (1) removal of bacterial plaque and biofilm, (2) reduction of refined carbohydrates and snacking in the diet, and (3) use of topical fluoride. The patients oral hygiene activities are compromised due to the arthritis in his right hand and in the future will be further affected by his developing Parkinsons disease. His poor oral hygiene should be addressed firstly by recommending the use of adaptive devices. Using a powered toothbrush and modifications of handle size, width, and grip, will provide assistance for the patient with thorough plaque removal. It should also be suggested that the patient use floss holders to ensure the effective removal of interproximal plaque or alternatively, interproximal brushes can be recommended if the patient is able to use them effectively. Poor dietary practices involving the over consumption of soft, retentive refined carbohydrates and frequent snacking patterns are common among older adults (Darby Walsh, 2010). The dental provider has an obligation to educate the patient on optimum food choices and nutritional patterns to promote oral health. It could also be beneficial to speak with any caregivers regarding the patients diet and make suggestions to prevent further carious lesions. Replacing sweet snacks with cheese and crackers or substituting sugar-free hard candy for mints are examples of two specific dietary interventions that may be more easily and realistically implemented for older adults. Furthermore, the frequent use of topical fluoride products for home use should be encouraged. A high fluoride toothpaste (5,000 ppm) will help to strengthen enamel and aid in the prevention of dental caries and will cause little change in the routine of the patient. For management of xerostomia, the patient is advised to take frequent sips of water and avoid the consumption of alcoholic drinks which will further dry out the oral mucosa. Sugar-free chewing gums will help stimulate the saliva but if the patient experiences difficulty in chewing because of arthritis, this may not be advisable. Additionally, tooth mousse should be recommended to provide lubrication and assist in preventing root surface caries (Walsh, 2007). If the patient is unable to provide adequate home care, alternative solutions should be provided, such as the introduction of the Collis curve toothbrush, assisted brushing, or chlorhexidine rinses (Little et al., 2008) These aids facilitate self-care and hence self-determination for the patient. The patient may suffer from mild dementia and due to his age may have difficulty remembering everything discussed at the initial appointment therefore all instruction should be written down and passed to him or a caregiver. Formulate a treatment plan Appointments should be kept short and scheduled in the morning or early afternoon when patient is less tired or whenever suits his needs best. Once a care plan has been completed it should be discussed with the patient and informed consent must be given. Appointment 2: Re-assess oral hygiene Quadrant scaling is recommended in case a full debridement cannot be completed in one appointment Reinforce good oral hygiene Appointment 3: Re-assess oral hygiene Complete scaling and full mouth polish Reinforce good oral hygiene A referral letter to the patients dentist is to be written and given to him regarding the restorative work required on the root caries present in his mouth. The importance of treatment should be explained to the patient and if necessary his caregivers should also be advised of the work required. As a preventive method, fluoride varnish should be applied to the other receded areas to help remineralise the enamel and reduce any sensitivity the patient may be experiencing (Wilkins, 2009). Recall: Upon completion of treatment for this patient, a three month recall should be arranged as his medical history indicates he may require regular maintenance in the future. This is also a good chance to evaluate the outcome and effectiveness of the previous treatment. According to Stefanac and Nesbit (2001) an oral health care plan is about balancing the ideal with the practical, and emphasis should be placed on the patient and their needs which ought to drive the treatment planning process. There has been a shift in treatment given by dental providers, where the focus is now on not only restoring the problem in the clinic, but educating the patient on how they can best achieve optimal oral health themselves. This assessment has investigated two different clinical case scenarios and discussed oral health care plans for each. In addition, it has examined the importance of treating each patient as an individual with specific needs and the significance of providing them with methods or self-care.

understanding digital biology :: essays research papers

UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL BIOLOGY Explaining digital biology is impossible without explaining its principle. The purpose of this text is not to report experimental results. Rather, it tries to explain to laymen, in the simplest terms, this radically new approach to biology. We hope it will be useful to all, scientists or not, who find it hard to "make the leap". Indeed, is it possible to believe that the specific activity of biologically-active molecules (e.g. histamine, caffeine, nicotine, adrenalin), not to mention the immunological signature of a virus or bacterium can be recorded and digitized using a computer sound card, just like an ordinary sound? Imagine the perplexity of Archimedes confronted with a telephone, and being told that by using it he could be heard on the other side of the world, were we not to explain the nature of sound waves or their translation into electromagnetism. Life depends on signals exchanged among molecules. For example, when you get angry, adrenalin "tells" its receptor, and it alone (as a faithful molecule, it talks to no other) to make your heart beat faster, to contract superficial blood vessels, etc.. In biology, the words "molecular signal" are used very often. Yet, if you ask even the most eminent biologists what the physical nature of this signal is, they seem not even to understand the question, and stare at you wide-eyed. In fact, they've cooked up a rigorously Cartesian physics all their own, as far removed as possible from the realities of contemporary physics, according to which simple contact (Descarte's laws of impact, quickly disproved by Huygens) between two coalescent structures creates energy, thus constituting an exchange of information. For many years, I believed and recited this catechism without realizing its absurdity, just as mankind did not realize the absurdity of the belief that the sun cir cles the earth. The truth, based on facts, is very simple. It does not require any "collapse of the physical or chemical worlds." That molecules vibrate, we have known for decades. Every atom of every molecule and every intermolecular bond-the bridge that links the atoms-emits a group of specific frequencies. Specific frequencies of simple or complex molecules are detected at distances of billions of light-years, thanks to radio-telescopes. Biophysicists describe these frequencies as an essential physical characteristic of matter, but biologists do not consider that electromagnetic waves can play a role in molecular functions themselves. We cannot find the words "frequency"

Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

Communism is the belief that everyone in a society should be equal and share their wealth. It is an outgrowth of socialism and Anabaptism (Laski 45). It became a firmly rooted term after the Russian Revolution of 1917. According to the words of Karl Marx, "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" 1. These theories were spread by Karl Marx. He believed that what a person made of himself reflected his effort (McLellan 1). He also believed that communism, or the state of equality was ones "final stage in life" (Leone 1). Communism basically started in 1847, with the formation of the London Communist League. This was an international association of worker, whose sole purpose was to write a "theoretical and practical program which would serve as the basis for uniting the working classes of Europe" (Leone 1). The London Communist League asked Marx for help in drafting a document to represent their standings. He composed the "Communist Manifesto" or "The Manifesto of the Communist Party" (Leone 1). The Russian Revolution helped foster communism. The Russian Revolution started with the with the assassination of Rasputin. In March of 1917, the Duma declares a prvisional government, including czars. During this period, there were also massive strikes by the workers. It was furthered by the abdication of Czar Nicholas. The Russian Revolution itself occured throughout 1917, with the start of the March Revolution. In April of 1917, Lenin return from exil in Switerland and denounced the established provisional government. The next general step was the gaining of the seats in the Petograd Soviet Parliment by the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks picked Lenin to then head the government, just several days after the November Revolution. During this revolution the peasants storm the palace, taking total control of the government. At this point, the power was given to Lenin. Almost immediatly he issued the New Economic Plan, which instituted the one party system or communism. They basicaly supported the basic communist theories of Karl Marx, as interpreted by Lenin. He installed many of his beliefs and helped reorganize the people, and essentially emmancipatte the working class. He also is credited with the creation of the S... .... The economic state of China made it much more profitable for a peasant to work for the warlord that form the land (Shanor 95). Because of the poor conditions, small Communist groups began to form in China's cities. At first, they were allies with Sun Yat-Sen and his Nationalists. But the good feelings between the two parties deteriorated quickly after Chiang Kai-Shek, Sun's successor, ordered the Shanghai Massacre of the Communists. Chiang spent the following years alternating between negotiating with and fighting against the Communists. The situation became so drastic that the Communists eventually fled during the Long March of 1934-35 (Shanor 95). The United States, who was very Anti-Communist after WWII, supported Chiang Kai-Shek. Over a period of four years, the US gave $2.5 billion to support the Nationalist cause. Despite their efforts, the Communists eventually overthrew the Nationalist government, forcing Chiang and followers to flee to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong, the leader of the Communists, proclaimed the country as the People's Republic of China (Shanor 96). 1 Industrial Workers of the World www.iww.org

Key Features of Lavertys Father and Son :: Bernard Mac Laverty

Describe the key features if a short story you have enjoyed, saying what has impressed you most about it. â€Å"Father and Son† is written by Bernard Mac Laverty. One of the main themes of â€Å"Father and Son† is the breakdown of a family relationship. A main feature of â€Å"Father and Son† is repetition and this feature helps to show the relationship between the father and son. Another feature is tones, each character reveals different examples of tones. The son has an aggressive tone, while the father has a caring and almost frail tone. These key features help the reader to enjoy the short story â€Å"Father and Son†. â€Å"Father and Son† helps to highlight the theme of family breakdown after the boss of a family member. This can be shown by â€Å"I love him so much it hurts but he won’t talk to me†. This shows the father tries to keep a close bond between them both. However, the son wants to create a large distance between them this maybe because of him growing up and wanting to become an adult. These helps most readers to relate to the characters and enjoy this book as most readers have been teenagers or are parents and can sympathize with their situation. This father and son relationship is very strained. A previous incident it is suggested that the son was close to death. The reader can pick this up with the quotation â€Å"Look, Da, I have not touched the stuff since I came back†. This helps to explain why the father has became so needy to be a part of his son’s life, because they have already lost a family member and almost losing his son scared him deeply, however this incidentally pushes his son further away. The father cares greatly for his son. The writer helps us to understand this by not naming the son. This encourages the repetition of â€Å"my son†, which shows the pride and love this father has for his son. This helps us to comprehend the pain the father feels about the distance in his relationship with his son. The pleasure of understanding and empathizing with the father helps us to enjoy â€Å"Father and Son†. The tone is very important in this short story as it helps to increase the knowledge of each character. The son, for instance, has a very aggressive tone as the reader may expect from a young frustrated man, an example of that is â€Å"I would like to slap his face and make a man out of him†.

What is SAP? Why do we need ERP?

It spoke as simply showing that enterprises have any departments which in order to successful must exchange data between each other in a timely way. It explained the major two software systems are decentralized or centralized (ERP) systems. Decentralized is where data is maintained locally in individual dept. Deeps do not have access to data of other deeps. When an unfavorable situation arises, the company have to check with each dept of a chain to take care of the problem or question.This results in inefficiency and loss of money. Other negative issues may arise such as separate Info sys are developed over time. Integrating data is time consuming and data may be lost in process. Inconsistencies may lead to more wasted time and money. As a result, there will be customer dissatisfaction which leads to loss of repute and revenue. Centralized system is where data is maintained at a central location and Is shared. Individual departments have access to Information of other departments.Thi s data can be Immediately accessed and the unforeseen or unfortunate Issue can be address much quickly without looking to each department to find the solution. Synchronized Information data is therefore timely, Increases productivity, better Inventory management, remotes quality, reduced material cost, effective human resources management, and reduced overheads boosts profits. The video was clear In It's explanation, had the process pictured simply and understandable.Language was at an educated level yet not use over bearing language usage. Microsoft Dynamics AX Is an Interesting vender which did not state or made It clear If they are specialized In selling to the size of a business, but as I looked Into this vender, It appeared that the application can be utilized by any business. According to most videos, they gave me a feeling of leaning more to the medium to large businesses. They offered much online concerning Microsoft Dynamics AX. A lot Is put Into expressing the program.That tells me that they expect more Intense businesses to be Interested. What is SAP? Why do we need ERP? By Johan-Von Behr Other negative issues may arise such as separate info sys are developed over time. Where data is maintained at a central location and is shared. Individual departments have access to information of other departments. This data can be immediately accessed and the unforeseen or unfortunate issue can be address much quickly without looking to each department to find the solution.Synchronized information data is therefore timely, increases productivity, better inventory management, and reduced overheads boosts profits. The video was clear in it's explanation, had yet not use over bearing language usage. Microsoft Dynamics AX is an interesting vender which did not state or made it clear if they are specialized in selling to the size of a business, but as I looked into this vender, it appeared that the application concerning Microsoft Dynamics AX. A lot is put into expre ssing the program. That tells me that they expect more intense businesses to be interested.

Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Essay

Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Context 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. A review of relevant material related to the selected entrepreneur. 4. Analysis 5. Conclusion 6. References 1. Introduction Nowadays, businesses are facing development problems. Problems are included: the competitors, management system, leadership and so on. For entrepreneurs, the leadership is an essential leadership quality. It is not only an idea or a reality. Leadership is relating to not only the individual, but also the social. An entrepreneur will not be able to manage his company and staff if he has not good leadership. Similar, he is also unable to accommodate changeful environment market. This means that, even though you hold some good staffs and excellent physical conditions, however, you cannot develop and use these resources. IBM is a historic and very good company, and its product distribute hundred countries. Recalling the history of IBM’s growth, there is a very important person, he is Thomas Watson, Jr, the second-generation president of IBM.

Transformational and Transactional Leadership

Transformational and Transactional Leadership Transformational and Transactional Leadership Thomas J. Kenny CRJ-810 Dec 16, 2011 Many styles of leadership exist in the management world. Most of these approaches are very similar to one another. Two very different styles of leadership are the transactional and transformational leadership styles identified by James Burns in 1978. These leadership styles are almost polar opposites of one another, with employees in the transactional leadership style motivated by rewards and benefits, and employees in the transformational style motivated by their charismatic managers.These two leadership styles, though different from each another, can be very effective tools in the world of policing. Transactional leadership represents â€Å"those exchanges in which both the superior and the subordinate influence one another reciprocally so that each derives something of value. †(Yukl, 1981) This style of leadership can be compared to dangling a car rot in front of someone, or giving officers who write the most tickets steady weekends off. Leaders who use this style give their subordinates something they want in exchange for something that the leader wants.The reward system of leadership used by the transactional leader can also involve rewards or values that are not as easily tangible such as trust and respect. Burns(1978) referred to these values as modal values; â€Å"modal values bond leaders to followers in an attempt to actualize the needs of both parties. † These rewards such as trust and respect may still be given out by low level police supervisors who may not have the authority to give out overtime or authorize special days off.While transactional leadership is concerned with increasing production and motivation through a reward based system, transformational leadership is concerned with making the employee want to succeed. Bass & Steidlmeier (1998) describes this difference as: Transformational leadership is p redicated upon the inner dynamics of a freely embraced change of heart in the realm of core values and motivation, upon open-ended intellectual stimulation and a commitment to treating people as ends not mere means.To bring about change, authentic transformational leadership fosters the modal values of honesty, loyalty and fairness and the end values of justice, equality, and human rights. Transformational leadership contains four components: â€Å"idealized influence (attributed or behavioral),inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. † (Bass, 1985) These four components can be summed up as that of a charismatic leader. Employees will see the qualities of this charismatic leader and try to emulate them.Bass (1985) describes this emulation of charismatic leaders as: If the leadership is transformational, its charisma or idealized influence is envisioning, confident, and sets high standards for emulation. Its inspirational motivation provides followers with challenges and meaning for engaging in shared goals and undertakings. Its intellectual stimulation helps followers to question assumptions and to generate more creative solutions to problems. Its individualized consideration treats each follower as an individual and provides coaching, mentoring and growth opportunities.Transformational leadership can be very effective in the world of policing, where the leadership exists from the top down. Officers who work for a transformational leader in a police department must â€Å"understand the vision of the department’s direction, appreciate the organization’s potential, believe that the goal of improvement is supported by the entire organization, and support the idea that change is needed. † (Bynum, 2008) Transformational Leadership can be very effective due to the fact that its motivational and inspirational effects can be long lasting and felt by every employee in the organization.Transformati onal leadership encourages its members to be more proactive and more productive without any specific direction or a reward in mind other than that it benefit’s the organization as a whole. With transactional leadership, some of the rewards such as better hours or days off can only be enjoyed by a few of the members. A competition to see who can write the most summonses, with the winner getting better days off, may increase production at first.The benefit of weekends off can not be given to everyone though, and usually only those who receive the reward will continue to produce as much. Transformational leadership might have a difficult time succeeding in an organization such as the New York City Police Department. The NYPD was founded in 1845, and therefore is deeply rooted in traditions and norms. Even the most charismatic leader, brought into the NYPD to institute change and a new direction, is going to be met with extreme resistance.Police Officers, who can tend to be very reflexive at times, might not take well to the idea of being self starting, proactive, and productive for their department. This initial resistance by subordinates usually makes the transformational leadership approach a long term solution to a departments problems. Transformational leadership tends to be more effective that transactional leadership, due to the fact that most of the terms in the reward based system of transactional leadership are defined and tangible.The subordinate is expected to produce a certain amount in order to receive a benefit. This can tend to make the employee cease production once they have met the production requirement. Conversely in transformational leadership the employees are motivated not by a reward, but for the good of the organization as a whole. This motivation can lead employees in a transformational leader organization to produce much more than what is expected of them. The fact that the terms of a transactional leadership arrangement are tang ible also makes it effective for a short term production problem.A precinct with an influx of burglaries, might offer an extra day off to the next officer who makes a burglary arrest. While in the long run they would want the officer to always be vigilant for burglary arrests, the added benefit of a day off will have additional motivational effects. Transformational leadership is most often effective in organizations that have a need for change, or that have undergone a recent crisis. Transformational leaders tend to have uniting qualities, which can bring an organization out of mediocrity.Adolf Hitler, who was a tremendously charismatic transformational leader, was able to bring Germany back from the brink of total collapse and financial ruin that it was in following World War I. Transformational and transactional leadership can be two of the most effective styles of leadership in policing. By using the transformational leadership style, police managers can foster an group of proac tive and motivated police officers, who want to achieve greater results for the good of the team.By using the transactional leadership approach, they can achieve great results exchanging rewards and benefits with subordinates for increased production. Using a combination of these two approaches to police leadership should lead to great success. References Bass, B. , & Steidlmeier, P. (1998). Ethics, Character, and Authentic Transformational Leadership. Vanguard. edu. Retrieved December 10, 2011, from www. vanguard. edu/uploadedFiles/Faculty/RHeuser/ETHICS,%20MORAL%20CHARACTER%20AND%20AUTHENTIC%20TRANSFORMATIONAL%20LEADERSHIP. df Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press ;. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row. Bynum, R. (2008). Transformational Leadership and Staff Training in the Law Enforcement Profession. The Police Chief. Retrieved December 10, 2011, from www. policechiefmagazine. org/magazine/index. cfm? fuseacti on=display_arch&article_id=1422&issue_id=22008 Yukl, G. A. (1981). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall.