Work Of Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe Architecture Essay

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ( 1886-1969 ) , a German-born designer is widely regarded as one of the pioneering Masterss of Modern architecture, responsible for set uping and popularising a new architectural manner in the U.S. Mies left Germany in 1938 to head the Armour Institute, which subsequently became the Illinois Institute of Technology. His design of the Main Campus and of other of import edifices, such as the flat towers at 860 and 880 North Lake Shore Drive in Chicago and the Seagram Building in New York, helped put a new aesthetic criterion for modern architecture. ( Blake, 1960 ) .Mies created an animating twentieth century architectural manner, stated with high lucidity and simpleness. He carried the ideals of rationalism and minimal art to new degrees. His work in US made usage of modern stuffs such as steel and glass to specify interior infinites. ( Kostof, 1995 ) . He called his edifices â€Å" skin and castanetss † architecture. He wanted to accomplish an architec ture with a minimum model of structural order balanced against the implied freedom of free fluxing infinite. Mies ‘ Buildings in US radiate the assurance, reason and elegance of their Godhead, free of ornamentation surplus. ( Blake, 1960 ) His doctrine that â€Å" less is more † became a guideline for designers in the twentieth century. ( SearchQuotes ) With the constitution of a new campus for the Illinois Institute of Technology ( IIT ) , Mies van der Rohe had the chance to be after the campus every bit good as several other of edifice. The Minerals and Metallic elements edifice ( 1942- 1943 ) was Mies ‘ really first building on the campus. This edifice marked the first measure toward the realisation of Mies ‘ maestro program for the IIT campus which was one of his most celebrated plants in America. This undertaking is â€Å" non something made by the God of Crown hall † stated by Kevin Harrington but instead Mies urges us to understand the edifice as portion of the development of his ain architectural language.This is where we foremost see his passage from signifiers that has been â€Å" beloved to his bosom † , seen in his work in Europe, to new signifiers that were â€Å" possible, necessary and important † . It is in the Minerals and Metallic elements edifice we foremost see Mies usage of invol ute -steel- I beam as portion of his structural grammar. Mies ‘ unconventional usage of steel was a map to the interior of the edifice, and it inaugurated a technique he used once more in his undertakings in America. Giedion,1982 ) . Crown Hall ( 1950-1956 ) . This edifice situated on the IIT campus is a modern chef-d'oeuvre. The National Historic landmark described Crown hall as â€Å" A consecutive forward look of building and materiality, which allows the construction to transcent into art † . Crown hall is an tremendous room, 120 ten 220 ft. in program, 18 ft. high without interior columns, used for the architectural school. The edifice is raised several pess above the land to let visible radiation for the below grade school of Design. The most interesting point is the structural solution of open structural beams above the roof, doing dear the method of accomplishing the clear-span inside. The immense graduated table of the edifice and the column-free unfastened program of the chief floor of Crown hall demonstrates Mies ‘ advanced construct of making cosmopolitan infinite. Mies van der Rohe ended his relationship with the school in 1958. ( Blake,1960 ) Exterior, entry facade Open program of Crown hall, making cosmopolitan infinite. Switching off from Mies work on IIT campus, another of his well celebrated work is Farnsworth House ( 1946-1951 ) .A little weekend retreat outside Chicago. The ‘Farnsworth house ‘ is one of the most radically minimalist houses of all time designed. It ‘s interior, a individual room, subdivided by dividers and wholly enclosed in glass. â€Å" The mutism speaks to us through the gentle and contlingent scene of the house on its site † Hartoonian ( 1984, pp.48 ) .The edifice is held together by merely eight steel columns. Mies van de Rohe was able to recognize spacial and structural thoughts. For illustration the I beams are both structural and expressive. â€Å" The usage of glass negates the dialectics of enclosure and openness † Hartoonian ( 1984, pp.48 ) . Farnsworth House which may look as an iconic glass box to be viewed from afar is instead a infinite through which life unfolds both independently and interdependently with nature. ( Blake, 1960 ) . Sketch of Mies Farnsworth ‘s House. Floor program of Farnsworth House. The Seagram Building on Park Avenue was Mie ‘s first effort at tall office edifice construction.Mies creates a arresting memorial to the International Styles religion in simpleness and lucidity. The 38-story tower rapidly began the state ‘s most influential and copied office edifice, an instant classic. The edifice ‘s external faces are given their character by the quality of the stuffs used – the tinted glass and the bronzy ‘I-beams ‘ applied all the manner up the edifice. In the image below you can see the edifice is pulled back from street line to let the edifice to besiege the reverse commissariats of the metropolis codification â€Å" every bit good as make its ain external respiration infinite † ( Kostof,1995 ) The Seagram Building is the first bronze-coloured skyscraper. The metal bronze tegument that is seen in the frontage is non-structural but is used to show the thought of the structural frame that is underneath. Extra perpendicu lar elements were besides welded to the window panels, non merely to stiffen the tegument for installing and air current burden, but to aesthetically farther heighten the perpendicular articulation of the edifice. ( Blake,1960 ) . Exterior position from the northwest Structural program of one corner, demoing the chief. wharf and projecting I- beams. 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago is another of Mies ‘ high rise edifice where he implied the same manner of modern architecture carried in his undertakings in the US. The 26-story towers surrounding Lake Michigan give a beautiful waterfront position. The ground for this creative activity involved his construct that architecture should be independent of the site. The edifices are renowned for their structural lucidity and composing on the site. The same common stuffs are used in this undertaking: steel, aluminum and glass. The most impressive characteristic of the edifice is the tegument and bone look of the steel and glass towers.The steel I-beams effortlessly define the construction while the glass suspends and encloses infinite. It is obvious that he relies on lucidity of signifier achieved through elegant proportions. Prior to this point, construction was hidden within architecture, but here we see a change.Mies merged the two by exposing the steel, recognizing his ain words: â€Å" When engineering reaches it true fulfillment, it transcends into architecture † This is non merely seen in this undertaking but many of his other undertakings in the US. ( Blase,1999 ) Two flat edifices at cross axis towards one another on the triangular site presenting position of environing country. Another of Mies really dramatic undertakings is Federal Center.Here one time once more we see the minimalist glass and steel design which is really simple yet really dramatic. Harmonizing to the AIA usher of Chicago: â€Å" Mies ‘s sturdy devotedness to principle, together with his vaunted sensitiveness to proportion and structural item, and, in this instance, the organisational graduated table, combine to give the composite a monumental urban presence. Both towers are curtain-wall constructions, feature of the high-rise design of Mies ‘s American period. Their steel frames, suppressed behind unvarying walls of glass and steel, are marked off by projecting steel I-beam mullions. The Post Office, a unitary infinite with a cardinal nucleus, is likewise typical of Mies ‘s reductivist construct of the single-storey marquee. Externally thin yet powerful structural columns of steel brace tremendous window glasss of tinted glass. † The place at the federal centre is cold, uninviting which minimum seating and with this the one narrative station office, everything feels really useful. But this does non intend Mies lacked an oculus for detail.His oculus for inside informations is seen through all glass design, which was really calculated every bit good as the granite tiles of place to the granite walls in the anteroom. Black I-beams expression really industrial running up the side of the edifice and are wholly cosmetic. The Alexander Caldwell ‘s flamingo construction in the centre is marked contrast to the field edifice behind it. ( Blaser,2004 ) The place of the Mies new wave der rohe designed Federal centre in Chicago, The Klucynski builidng is to the left, one narrative station office to the right and Alezander Caldwells flamingo construction in the centre. Mies van der Rohe without a uncertainty created an influential twentieth century architectural manner in the US, stated with high lucidity and simplicity.He helped specify modern architecture in the US by stressing unfastened infinite, uncovering the industrial stuffs used and reinventing the signifier of edifices. He carried the ideals of rationalism and minimal art to new degrees. This is clearly apparent in Minerals and Metallic elements, Crown hall, Farnsworth house, Seagram edifice and the Federal Center.His usage of modern stuffs such as glass and steel can besides be seen in these edifices. Mie ‘s ‘ Buildings in the US radiate the assurance, reason and elegance of their Godhead, free of extra ornamentation. He follows his doctrine that â€Å" less is more † and this attack of Mies is pertinent as of all time in his undertakings. ( Blake,1960 ) .

Persuasive Essay: Men and Women are not Equal Essay

Men and women are not equal. This phrase has been floating around in one way or another for hundreds of years it is only recently that the United States got rid of this long–standing discrimination. There are many obvious and not-so-obvious reasons why women should be considered equal to men. It is a common misconception that men are smarter and more competent than woman. The reason why this misconception is so popular because men have enjoyed rights that women have been forbidden. In the United States women are paid 22 percent less than man. This inequality in wages can only be attributed to a preconceived notion of the value of women. Whether or not it is intentional, it is the unfortunate reality. Education, experience, and potential seem to have no effect on this inequality. Companies should appreciate the unique impute and experiences of women because they differ so vastly from that of men. Women can bring a new point of view and mentality to the company that will ultimately be beneficial to its end goal. In fact, there are occupations for which women could arguably be better suited, such as therapists and teachers. The natural nurturing traits that women possess make them ideal for occupations that demand support and encouragement. The women’s rights movement in the United States did away with the blatant vialotions of women’s freedom. Unfortunately some countries in the world still have not taken the necessary steps to mirror the United States. Arab countries, in particular have yet to make the change. Women cannot leave their homes without the permissions of they’re husband, they must wear a veil to cover up most of their faces, they cannot own property, or have a voice in society and government. The most obvious and logical defense of women’s freedom is the simple fact that they are human and deserve every right that comes with that title. They should not have to fight for their freedom. It is something that is given to all humans at the moment of their birth. With regards to countries that do not respect the freedoms, they do not realize that having such an archaic view of women reflects badly on them as a country. It suggests that they are not willing or able to move forward with an evolving world. As a result of preconceived notions some women have even become to think  that they are inferior to men. Because of this, domestic violence has become a women’s issue, more specifically unreported domestic violence. This is an issue that need to be addressed because of two reasons. The first is to draw attention to the unreported incidents and to persuade these victims to acknowledged their rights and realize their worth. The second is to expose these unreported attacks as a violation of women’s rights as opposed to a typical irrelevant crime. In conclusion, the modern day women are constantly fighting for her place in society. Whether its salary, freedom, or identity the struggle is a reality with which she must live. However her resilience and perseverance are among the reasons why she deserves to enjoy the rights she possesses. Without a doubt she will overcome any remaining prejudices and obstacles left in the world to be recognized as an equal.

Cultural Forms and Rituals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Forms and Rituals - Essay Example There are similarities between the Holy Bible and the Odyssey. The two masterpieces use singing to show joy. The two art masterpieces use singing to show praise. The three masterpieces use singing to the community’s unity. First, the Holy Bible and the Odyssey indicate the people use singing to express happiness. Homer (20) emphasizes the Odyssey culture states â€Å"He was singing of the return of the Achaeans, that bitter trip Athena made them take when they sailed home from Troy (Homer).† The verse clearly shows that the singer is happy with return of Achaeans. Just like people of the current 21st century generation, people sing whenever they are happy. In addition, another verse goes â€Å"There’s nothing wrong with this man’s singing of the evil fate of the Danaans, for men praise the most the song which they have heard most recently† (Homer 21). The verse clearly shows that the people use singing as a form of religious worship. The people use singing to add more color or persuasiveness to each religious ritual. In the same manner, the Holy Bible’s (Holman732) Psalm 105:43 states â€Å"So he brought his people out with joy, his chosen ones with singing.† The verse indicates that the people in the community are united. The united people sang for joy. The people gladly joined in the singing activities to prove they have the same intentions as the other members of a group. Second, the Holy Bible and the Odyssey indicate the people use singing to express love. Likewise, another verse indicates â€Å"At that point, the suitors switched to dancing and to singing lovely songs. They amused themselves until dark evening came.†(Homer 24). The verse clearly shows that the suitors are united. The suitors are happy to see the main purpose of their love, the women of their dreams. The girls will surely be enchanted by their suitor’s singing. The Holy Bible’s (Stebbins 254) 1 Samuel 17: 6†¦states â€Å"and it came to pass as they cam, when David was returned from the slaughter of the Philistine, that the women came out of all the cities of Israel, singing and dancing, to meet King Saul, with tabrets, with joy, and with instruments of music.† Third, the Holy Bible and the Odyssey use singing during their worship services. In the Odyssey story, the people will choose which song fits their current religious active ties. In terms of singing, the Holy Bible shows that the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem, Nehemiah 12:27 was filled with â€Å"singing, with cymbals, harps, and lyres. The company of singers gathered together from the circuit around Jerusalem and from the villages of the Netophathifes.† (Hagen 442)The verse clearly shows that people around Jerusalem and from the nearby Netophathifes showed their happiness by singing. The Holy Bible’s Isaiah 52:9 states â€Å"Break forth together into singing, you ruins of Jerusalem; for the Lord has comforted his people.† (Hagen 852). The verse clearly indicates that the people sing because they are in praise mode. Singing increases the level of the praying. Lastly, 1 Chronicles 16:7 indicates â€Å"Then on that day David first appointed the singing of praises to the Lord by A Saph and his kindred.† The Holy Bible’s (Holman 551) 2 Chronicles 20:27-278 states â€Å"Then Hezekiah ordered that the burnt offering be offered on the altar. When the burnt offerings began, the song of the Lord and the trumpets began, accompanied by the instruments of David king of Israel. The whole assembly was worshipping, singing the song, and blowing the trumpets –

Role of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Current Banking Crisis Essay

Role of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Current Banking Crisis - Essay Example Innovation and entrepreneurship have played a significant role in the current banking crisis. Innovation is a change in product, service or the method of production and marketing, with the aim of improving competitiveness of a business in the market. It can be done continuously in the production process, involving introducing minor changes in the product so as to ensure the business is always ahead of other competitors in the market. (Feldman, 2001:21-24). Entrepreneurship on the other hand is the process of undertaking the risk of obtaining goods and services at a particular cost and selling them at predicted prices. It is the process of combining many factors of production in the creation of new enterprises. Innovation and entrepreneurship are very important for human existence. They have made humans to advance to the current state whereby life has been made easier and essential commodities have been made available. Technological advancements through innovation assist in production of goods and services in a more effective and well-organized manner. Innovations in communic ation and information technology have made the world to be a global village, making international business a haven for entrepreneurs. The research process involved collection of theories and concepts in entrepreneurship and innovation from various academic materials such as books, journals, online articles and magazines. The information was carefully analyzed and its relevance to entrepreneurship and innovation assessed. A critique of different approaches in entrepreneurship and innovation provided definition, importance of entrepreneurship and innovation in general as well as the role of entrepreneurship and innovation in oligopolies. Conclusions were drawn from the results of the analysis of the information gathered. Â  

Memo to CIO on Success Criteria for Enterprise System Implementation Case Study

Memo to CIO on Success Criteria for Enterprise System Implementation - Case Study Example The modern design may be contrived in power ranges up to 800 horsepower. Due to Environmental trends globally, demand for the new generator and motor designs have been on the rise. The company has also opened up other branches which see the need to have all of its system synchronized into one system that can make it easier for the management to consolidate most of its CRM centrally at one point. Teamwork and composition are vital in the entire CRM life cycle. The CRM team should comprise of the best individuals from the company (Brown, and Vessey, 1999). Coming up with a cross-functional team is also necessary. The team should consist of knowledgeable consultants and some internal staff such the internal staff may develop the needed technical skills required for design and implementation. The support of top management is required in the entire implementation process. The project must have a valid approval from the top management and align with critical business goals (Buckhout Frey and Nemec, 1999). This may be achieved through tying the management bonuses to the success of the project. Managers are supposed to legitimize new objectives and goals. A joint vision of the company and the function of the new CRM application and structure should be communicated directly to the employees. New structures, responsibilities, and roles of the company should be adopted. Policies should be put by top management to form modern systems in the company. There should be a clearly outlined business plan and a vision in order to steer the direction of CRM implementation. This business plan should clearly define the intended tangible and strategic merits, costs, Timeline, risk, and resources. This will assist in evaluating the extent to which the implementation process has gone and the benefits of the CRM (Callaway, 2000).

Connexin Degradation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Connexin Degradation - Essay Example This essay seeks to explain in details, the connexin degradation mechanisms of three pathways. These pathways to be discussed are: lysosomal, ubiquitin/proteasome and autophagy. Lysosomal pathway Participation of lysosomes and endocytosis in the deprivation of gap junction plaque was planned 20 years ago. This was after the examination of intracellular vesicle-like configurations which are double-membrane, similar to gap junctions in conduction of electron micrographs. This is a research which was carried out to check on how lysosomes can be a pathway to connexin degradation. This was done by looking at the effect to the half-life of the connexins in order to find out how and to which degree they do cause degradation of connexin. These structures were referred to as annular gap junctions. The first descriptions of these structures were made available by Bjorkman from the granulosa units of life of the ovarian follicle. These gap junctions have been experimented in several dissimilar cell types. They have spacing between their particles which are clearly observed in the gap junctions. They can as well be decked out with antibodies that are anti-connexin. Various approaches have been used for verification that some of these annular gap junction outline correspond to gap junctions who are internalized instead of the cross-sections of invaginations or interdigitations of gap junction plaques. The interdigitations of gap junction plaques include sequential sectioning or lack of classification of the intercellular gap by lanthanum and freeze-fracture replicas. Research also suggests that Tyr286 is as well involved in targeting Cx43 for the process of connexin degradation by the lysosomal pathway Ubiquitin/proteasome pathway Investigation on this pathway was first done by James and Eric where they give explanation on how it relates to degradation of connexins. They carried out research on degradation of the protein connexin43 in cardiomyocyte-derived cells and the E36 Chinese ovary cells. Results from the tests show that lysosome plays a minor role in the proteolysis of connexin43 while ubiquitin antibodies play a major role in the degradation of connexin43 (Laing and Beyer, 10-13). This is because when the two tests were done, it was found out that the lysosome contributes in increasing the half-life of the connexin. This gives a clear impression that lysosome helps to increase the formation of gap junction which is significant in formation of family proteins required in the body. Ubiquitin on the other hand, reduces the half-life of the connexin. This gives a clear impression that it contributes in reducing the formation of gap junction. The reduction in this case, in turn reduces the amount of family proteins formed, making it impossible for physiological processes to take place in the body as expected. Autophagy pathway This is a degradation pathway which is known to have been implicated in a number of diseases and may be stimulated by cellu lar stresses for instance starvation. Research shows that connexins that are cytoplasmic are cup-shaped or ring shaped and are enclosed by structures that contain autophagy-related protein which is the LC3. There are other connexins colocalized with p62, a protein that may as well serve as a freight receptor for autophagic deprivation. Starvation is one of the situations which lead to reduction of connexins.

Analysis of Bahrain's Economy's strength and weakness Essay

Analysis of Bahrain's Economy's strength and weakness - Essay Example Crude oil derivatives produced from imported crude oil form a significant part of exports. Many industrial projects are under way. Unemployment {mainly among young Bahrainis}, declining oil reserves and decreasing underground water resources comprise Bahrain’s three main problems with long term implications (Wikipedia.org). The first strength is the realization of the need for maximum oil conservation. It has stabilized its oil production at 6,400 m3 or 40,000 barrels per day with the aim of stretching its oil reserves to 15 years (Wikipedia.org). Secondly, it has realized it cannot depend on oil for long and should diversify its economy. It has made commendable progress in this direction. It is utilizing its idle oil refineries to refine crude oil imported from its giant oil producer neighbors, particularly Saudi Arabia. Its ‘Persian Gulf Petrochemical Company’ is operating as a joint venture between Bahrain, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, to produce petroleum derivatives methanol and ammonia. ‘Aluminium Bahrain’ is the largest factory of its kind in the world that produces 525,000 metric tons yearly. ‘The Arab Iron and Steel Company’ produces 4 million tons of iron ore pellets. Bahrain has a giant shipbuilding and repair yard that gets lucrative business from the hundreds of oil tankers and commercial ships plying to and from the Gulf nations. Its most commendable diversification is in financing: its impediment-free regulations have attracted more than 100 offshore banking institutions in ad dition to many onshore institutions (Wikipedia.org). Thirdly, it has provided an attractive setting to attract multinational firms. It has a modern infrastructure. Its airport serves 22 international carriers. Its seaports provide direct and regular links to Europe, the Far East and the U.S. It has a state-of-the-art communication network. These facilities have attracted a large number of banks and multinational

How the company combine to satisfy shareholders and the demands of Dissertation - 1

How the company combine to satisfy shareholders and the demands of society with no impact on the profitability - Dissertation Example Through these two elements, the reality of the global market, of virtual realities and faster access and exchange of information are realized (Brooke et al., 2004; Chandra, 2008; Soros, 2002; Suarez-Orozco & Qin-Hilliard, 2004), creating a vision of a better world across the globe. However, in 2007, the world has been hit by global economic crisis, which has led to serious difficulties in the lives of ordinary people (Roth 2009; Yandle 2010). The global financial meltdown has put into limelight the relationship and responsibility of businesses to the society as the economic crisis has been precipitated by excessive risk taking of businesses and masking its dangerous actions through, corporate philanthropic, activities (Bordo, 2008; Lin-Hi, 2010; Reinhart, 2008). The notion of economic institutions having social responsibilities has been widely discussed in the past two decades (Campbell, 2007). This coincides with the fact that also in the last two decades the influence and power of corporations have grown due to global presence of multinational corporations and trans- national corporations, which pave for more jobs and resources, higher standard of living and better social conditions (Uccello, 2009). Nonetheless, it should be noted, that the idea of economic institutions of being responsible not only in fulfilling their fiduciary responsibilities to the shareholders, but also satisfying the public interest and stakeholders demands have been proposed already as early as the 1930’s (Hemingway, 2002). As such, the concept of corporate social responsibility is not something new, but it has long been recognised that corporations have responsibilities towards, employees, shareholders, consumers, local communities, natural environment and other stakeholders (Hemingway & Maclagan, 2004; Zolsnai, 2006). However, due to the global financial crisis the urgency to look into the purpose and relationship of economic institutions (businesses) in the society becomes ne cessary. The global financial crisis has concretely shown that actions of corporations are not happening in a vacuum, but it has a direct effect not only to the shareholders but also to all stakeholders (Lin-Hi, 2010). In this regard, this research will look into how company combines satisfaction of both the shareholders and stakeholders and on how this can be measured. The research will be mainly dealing with corporate social responsibility; however, the research will attempt to provide alternative insights regarding CSR because the study will be conducted with the experience of the global financial meltdown as its beacon. The experience demands that CSR be re-understood with clearer parameters and measures that will assist people and stakeholders as attempts are made to further clarify the purpose and relationship of businesses in the society. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW In the literature review, current trends and discussions regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR) will be prese nted. The discussion will cover three sections. The first part will be dealing with the nature of CSR, while the second part will be touching on the apparent relationship among CSR, shareholder satisfaction and profitability. Finally, the third part will be about the means undertaken to determine the impact of CSR. To be able to embark on a discussion, the research has conducted a library research. The electronic databases Academic Source Complete, Business Source Complete, Jstor, Google Scholar, PsycheInfo and ERIC have been searched using a

Acid- Base Titration Lab Essay Example for Free

Acid- Base Titration Lab Essay 1. When the end point is reached in an acid-base titration, the relationship between the concentrations of OH- and H3O+ are that they are equal. This doesn’t mean that the pH will be neutral, but the concentrations of both will be the same in a titration. 2. The pH of the end point is determined by what kind of indicator is used to indicate when the end point I reached. In this experiment, phenolphthalein was used. It shows a color change in the presence of a base, which means that our solution had to be slightly basic for it to turn a pink-purple color. So, the type of indicator used for the experiment will overall determine the pH of the end point because some indicators turn a different color in the presence of an acid and others in the presence of a base. 3. Regardless of the amount of water that is used to dissolve the unknown acid, the amount of moles would not change. This is because when you are diluting a solution, you are affecting the volume of the solution, but not the number of moles present in the solution. So, in this experiment when 40cm3, 35 cm3 and 45 cm3 could have been used to dissolve the unknown acid and the number of moles would not be different. 4. If the unknown acid ad been diprotic, then the mole-to-mole ratio between the acid and NaOH would have been 2:1, the molarity and normality would have been 0.180, the number of equivalents would have been two and not one, the number of moles of the unknown acid would have been 0.0090mol instead of 0.0045mol, and the molar mass of the acid would have been 220. Therefore, if the unknown acid had been diprotic everything would have been doubled. Conclusion: In this experiment, an acid-base titration was used to determine the molarity of a NaOH solution, the number of moles of NaOH that reacted with a different unknown acid, and the molar mass of this unknown acid. This was done by making the concentrations of 0.10M HCl and NaOH equal to determine the molarity of NaOH which is 0.091M. We then found that 0.0045mol of NaOH reacted with a different unknown acid by using the molarity of NaOH and the volume of NaOH that we used to titrate with the unknown acid. Since the mole-to-mole ratio of NaOH and the unknown acid were 1:1, we could use the same number of moles, 0.0045mol, for the acid to determine if molar mass. This was completed by using 0.0045mol and the mass in grams of the acid we used, which was 0.983g. By doing this we discovered that the molar mass of our acid was 220. By doing an acid-base titration

Palm Beach Community College Environmental Sustainability Essay Example for Free

Palm Beach Community College Environmental Sustainability Essay One of the biggest issues nowadays is environmental sustainability. Sustainability came from the root word ‘sustain’. â€Å"To sustain means to support, bear the weight of, to keep going and to keep alive† (Petry 2). In College Reading 4, Cheryl Benz and Cynthia Shuemann defined environmental sustainability as: â€Å"the ability of the environment to function indefinitely without going into a decline from the stresses imposed by human society on natural systems (such as soil, water, and air) that maintain life† (129). Here is another definition of environmental sustainability by Kelsey and Becker: â€Å"The general concept of ‘environmental sustainability’ refers to the necessary balance between human wants and needs and the capacity of the natural systems of the earth† (31). As stated in the website of Environmental Protection Agency, the term â€Å"sustainability† was first used in 1987 when World Commission on Environment and Development report: Our Common Future was published. The concept of sustainability is still in used nowadays and it is of great help for the human race. The whole world is currently experiencing one of the most serious problems regarding the environment which is global warming. We, the human beings are taking for granted the world we are living in. Instead of protecting the world from degradation, we serve as the agents of world’s deterioration through our selfish activities and behaviors. Pollution, fast population growth, non-conservation of energy and exploitation of natural sources are some of the human activities that cause environmental problems. Here now comes the issue on environmental sustainability. Can we still say that the environment is capable of sustaining or giving the needs of the present generation as well as the needs of the future generation? Environmental science and the concept of environmental sustainability can be used to help the nations, organizations or even the single individuals in resolving the problems we are facing right now. In opening the minds of individuals about the environmental issues and sustainability, higher education can be used as medium or means. Higher education specifically college level can be used in making the individuals, especially the youth, aware of the environmental degradation the earth is experiencing right now. The universities are one of the best channels in providing the individuals with knowledge and awareness about sustainable development. What is sustainable development? According to Environmental Protection Agency, sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development is very beneficial not only to the environment but also to economic growth, technological advancement and improvement of quality of life. According to Roger Petry, the university plays as a key contributor to sustainable development. The following are the reasons why Petry considers the university as mediator for sustainable development: a) The university can contribute breadth of knowledge, particularly of human and ecological systems; (b) it has the capacity to integrate knowledge regarding ecological, economic, and social issues, including local knowledge; (c) it has the capacity for global and local sharing of knowledge; (d) it provides knowledge to the poor and marginalized groups; (e) it has the capacity for long-term research; (f) it has academic freedom and institutional autonomy and (g) it is subjected to public accountabilities. 11) In order for higher education to become more sustainable, national and international sustainability declarations were developed. The sustainability declarations for higher education, which are stated according to chronological orders, are as follow: The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment (1972), Tbilisi Declaration (1977), University Presidents for a Sustainable Future: The Talloires Declaration (1990), The Halifax Declaration (1991), Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Chapter 36: Promoting Education, Public Awareness and Training (1992), Ninth International Association of Universities Round Table: The Kyoto Declaration (1993), Association of Commonwealth Universities Fifteenth Quinquennial Conference: Swansea Declaration (1993), CRE Copernicus Charter (1994) and International Conference on Environment and Society – Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability: Declaration of Thessaloniki (1997) (Wright 1). The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 was the first declaration ever made for the sustainability of higher education. Its focus is on the relationship of humanity and environment. The declaration failed to protect the right of natures and it is clearly centered on human (Wright 2). The Tibilisi Declaration was created during the conference by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) on 1977. The Tbilisi Conference echoed the sentiments of the Stockholm Declaration by stating that environmental education should be provided to people of all ages, all levels of academic aptitude and must be delivered in both formal and non formal environments. † (Wright 2) â€Å"The Talloires Declaration was the first statement made by university administrators of a commitment to sustainability in higher education. It stated that university heads must provide leadership and support to mobilize internal and external resources so that their institutions respond to this urgent challenge. † (Wright 2-3) The Kyoto Declaration of 1990 was created during the Ninth International Association of Universities Round Table with the attendance of 90 international university leaders. Agenda 21 and the United Nations Commission on Environment and Development Conference in Rio de Janeiro are two important conferences in environmental sustainability and biodiversity. The Kyoto Declaration is closely related to these two significant conferences (Wright 5). Almost 400 universities from 47 countries attended the ratification of the Swansea Declaration. One of its important contributions is the prioritization of the third world or the less developed countries. The wealthy countries must support those less developed countries regarding sustainable development among universities (Wright 5-6). The Thessaloniki Declaration of 1997 was ratified during the UNESCO Conference on Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness For Sustainability that was held in Thessaloniki, Greece. The declaration argued that the concept of environmental sustainability must be clearly linked with poverty, population, food security, democracy, human rights, peace and health and a respect for traditional cultural and ecological knowledge. † (Wright 7) Palm Beach Community College is one of those universities that includes sustainability in their curriculum. â€Å"Palm Beach Community College is committed to providing the best educational opportunity for our current students while ensuring that the same opportunity for success is available to our future students as well. Therefore our entire educational organization has dedicated itself to focusing on improving the three areas of sustainability on our campuses and in our community: environmental protection, economic growth and social responsibility. (Palm Beach Community College Sustainability) The above passage is the mission statement of Palm Beach Community College as stated in their website. Palm Beach Community College promotes environmental sustainability by teaching their students about it. They also enhance the awareness of their students regarding sustainability. Palm Beach Community College is a very good example on how higher education can promote sustainability. Palm Beach Community College has many activities that practice sustainable development not only for their students but also for the whole community. Palm Beach Community College is indeed a very great model for promoting sustainability. A good example for this is the use of green buildings in their university. Green buildings are buildings made of materials that are environment friendly. They also made renovations of existing buildings in order to attain greater sustainability (Building and Renovation). Also through energy conservation, sustainability is attained. In order to conserve energy, the lighting in the campus is composed of bulbs that consume less energy. Air conditioning consumes large amount of energy. In order to lessen energy consumption, the university introduced technological innovations to their air conditioners and also the university implemented the greater temperature in their classrooms (Energy Management). Palm Beach Community College also improves their landscaping and grounds. Improvement on landscape and grounds that were mentioned in the website are reducing pesticide use, planting native vegetation, minimizing lawn space, removing pavement, or designing wildlife habitat areas. These activities not only promote environmental sustainability but also display aesthetic value of the campus (Grounds / Landscaping). Palm Beach Community College believes that wildlife must be saved so that the next generation will be able to see those endangered species. One good example of wildlife conservation is the protection of owls inside the campus. The owls give the campus with lesser rodent population in return (Wildlife). Services in Palm Beach Community also prop up environmental sustainability. They encourage their students to eat foods from plants like vegetables and fruits. They also discourage students to use non-environment friendly packaging of food like Styrofoam and plastics (Food Service). Green Cleaning is an approach to janitorial services that offers better environmental performance and improved worker health and safety, while retaining the same sanitation quality as traditional, more chemical-intensive methods. † (Housekeeping) The university also pushes the use of environment-friendly cleaning products. Recycling is the best way for waste management. All wastes that can be still used must be reused or recycled in order to lessen the wastes that are being thrown away. By this, pollution can be avoided (Waste Management). Sustainable procurement involves making conscious purchasing choices to conserve resources, mitigate pollution and waste, and promote a healthy economy. † (Procurement) Toxic chemicals and substances are used in printing but Palm Beach Community College promotes another way of printing which is ‘green printing’. The university encourages their students to use recycled papers, double-sided printing, and soy-based inks that are not toxic and less harmful in the environment (Printing). â€Å"PBCC defines service-learning as a teaching method that increases student engagement and success through community involvement to apply theories or skills being taught in a course. (Service Learning) Through service learning, the students are exposed to real life social issues and by that the students can learn how to apply sustainability in order to improve the environment, economy and quality of life. PBCC encourages students to join Ecology clubs in order for them to join co-curricular activities regarding the environment. â€Å"Palm Beach Community College offers students the opportunity to become actively involved with award winning clubs and organizations, by promoting the development of leadership skills, challenging special interests and encouraging interaction with other students. † (Mission Statement Student Clubs Organizations at the Boca Raton Campus) Some of the events sponsored by Palm Beach Community College are Earth Day, Coastal Cleanup, Transportation transformation and Green Expo. These events are very important to the environment since it is when environmental sustainability is practiced. It is also a very good time for PBCC to educate other people about sustainable development of the environment. As an individual, what can we do to our environment? Palm Beach Community College suggests some ways that we can do for the welfare of the environment. Some of these ways are conservation of energy and water, waste management at home and at work and living a ‘green’ lifestyle (What Can I Do). Not only the youth and the adults can serve as stewards of environmental rehabilitation, the kids can also help. Palm Beach Community College offers activities for kids that can enhance their awareness on environmental sustainability and at the same time they are enjoying and learning. Some of these activities are Gorilla in the green house, Fish in the lake and National geographic kids (Green for Kids). Smoke emission and the use of non-renewable resources like fossil fuels are some of the problems that are being encountered in transportation. Since transportation is a necessity inside the campus, Palm Beach Community College implements ways and means in minimizing environmental degradation due to waste by-products of transport vehicles. Alternative fuels, such as ethanol and electricity, carpooling incentives, increased bike accessibility, and other solutions are being explored on campuses across the country and as a result, these campuses are saving money, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, decreasing water runoff, and realizing myriad other benefits. † (Transportation) In the world we are living right now, we can say that the environment is not that sustainable and it has now less capacity to support life. The people nowadays are destroying the nature that God had given us. It is not only the environment that we are not taking care of but also the lives of the future generations. We are leaving then but problems on environment and low quality of life. What we need right now are stewards of environments who will restore its beauty and sustainability. Through higher education, agents of environmental sustainability were being created. One example of the universities that produces individuals that are concerned to the environment is the Palm Beach Community College. It not only opens the eyes of students on current issues regarding the environment but it also brings-up the awareness and sense of responsibilities of students. By that, environmental sustainability is attained. Also, in our own little ways we can bring back what we have lost. If only each and every individual will help on the restoration of the environment, attaining sustainability will be faster.

Imaging Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme with PET

Imaging Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme with PET Hypoxia plays a crucial role in the progression of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) promoting angiogenesis, genetic mutations, switch to a more aggressive behaviour and ote important consequences. Many diagnostic methods have been investigated and today PET and MRI appear to be the more attractive for the evaluation of the heterogeneous hypoxia in GBM.(Mendichovszky and Jackson 2011, Vartanian, Singh et al. 2014) Hirata first documented the utility of hypoxic tracers ([18F]FMISO in this study) in patients with differentiating GBM from lower grade gliomas based on the level of tumour hypoxia.(Hirata, Terasaka et al. 2012) Hypoxia assessment by PET imaging seems to provide complementary information to MRI within the complex relationship existing between hypoxia and angiogenesis in GBM. This was confirmed in a study of Swanson et al, where the authors documented a strong correlation between the hypoxic burden, determined with [18F]FMISO, and altered vasculature documented on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI sequences.(Swanson, Chakraborty et al. 2009) As for other tumours, the prognostic capability of [18F]FMISO has been confirmed also in GBM, in a study evaluating the correlation between hypoxic volume, intensity of hypoxia an survival in 22 patients with GBM who underwent PET scan before biopsy or between resection and radiation therapy (RT).(Spence, Muzi et al. 2008) The heterogeneous distribution of hypoxia within GBM cannot be fully investigated by [18F]FMISO PET imaging, but the tumour–blood ratio provide acceptable data on the different levels of hypoxia within the tumour.(Padhani, Krohn et al. 2007) [18F]FAZA is another radiotracer tracer, which has showed promising results. The biggest study ever published, evaluating the utility of [18F]FAZA in 50 patients with different types of tumours, documented increased uptake of the tracer in all gliomas, with a tumour-to-background (T/B) ratio range of 1.9-15.6, which is higher compared to that of [18F]FMISO.(Postema, McEwan et al. 2009) However, as already said most of literature on the use of [18F]FAZA in the brain is based in preclinical setting (see Tab.X) According to the group of Wiebe, one important point in favour of [18F]FAZA for the evaluation of hypoxia in brain tumours is the absence of uptake in normal brain tissue, while [18F]FMISO shows, although limited, non-specific uptake in the brain.(Wiebe 2004) Recently, also Belloli and colleagues investigated the combined use of [18F]FAZA and [18F]FDG PET and MRI to follow the biological modification of specific line of glioma cells during the tumour progression in animal models of GBM (rats with implanted glioma F98 cells). The authors observed that [18F]FAZA and [18F]FDG were taken up respectively in the core and in external areas of the tumoyr, with partial overlap and remodelling during disease progression, suggesting that necrotic regions, defined on the basis of [18F]FDG uptake reduction, may include hypoxic clusters of vital tumour tissue identified with 18F]FAZA.(Belloli, Brioschi et al. 2013) BOLD-MRI is an advance MRI technique, particulary suitable for the evaluation of hypoxia, which evaluate the changes in oxygen concentration and ratio between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin within vessels. In contrast to oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhaemoglobin is paramagnetic and determines an increase of transverse relaxation rate (R2*) of water in blood and surrounding tissues.(Mendichovszky and Jackson 2011) Unfortunately BOLD-MRI signal is sensible also to other tissue factors, such as blood flow, carbon dioxide tension, haematocrit, pH. Decoupling the effects of flow from deoxyhaemoglobin and static components it is essential to measure R2* and be obtained using multi-echo GRE sequences.(Padhani, Krohn et al. 2007) T1-weighted oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI) has been proposed as an alternative imaging technique for the evaluation of hypoxia.(Zaharchuk, Busse et al. 2006) Dissolved oxygen in blood and plasma influences MRI signal by increasing the longitudinal relaxation rate of protons (R1). OE-MRI has already been employed in the evaluation of oxygen in healthy tissues and in tumours, but not in the evaluation of hypoxia in GBM, except in a preclinical study by Linnik et al. (Linnik, Scott et al. 2014) In an animal study, Wu et al. used a mechanically ventilation with 100% oxygen at the rate of 8 l/min to investigate hypoxia in brain of rats and showed close agreement between R2* and R1 changes in white and grey matter in response to oxygen inhalation.(Wu, Gao et al. 2012) In the study of Wu and colleagues, the T1 values decreased prominently in the cortical grey matter but also, with a lower extent, in the subcortical gray matter and in white matter, where the decrease was the least significant. Instead the T2 values showed an increase in response to the oxygen inhalation in all the regions examined in the following order: white matter>subcortical gray matter>cortical gray matter. Similarly, the T2* values increased with more evident change in the cortical gray matte and white matter and with a less extent in subcortical gray matter.(Wu, Gao et al. 2012) These observations support the use of oxygen-enhanced imaging as a biomarker for tumour oxygenation, although the relationship between the signal changes resulting from variations in dissolved oxygen pressure and true tumour hypoxaemia remain to be elucidated. DCE-MRI, using contrast agents of low molecular weight, has been proposed as an additional MRI method for identification and quantification of hypoxia in some types of tumour and some authors successfully demonstrated a correlation between perfusion parameters to oxygen tension. (Ceelen, Smeets et al. 2006) DCE-MRI parameters have been demonstrated also to indicate preoperatively areas with high hypoxia in glioma patients.In particularly Jensen et al. demonstrated that capillary transit time (tc) correlated with HIF-1 expression and VEGF expression in the histopathological examination of corresponding of active tumour regions. Other parameters, blood volume (Vb), capillary heterogeneity (a-1) and kep (washout rate) also showed a correlation with biomarkers of hypoxia.(Jensen, Mumert et al. 2014) O’ Connor, in a study evaluating ten patients with solid tumours, proposed that DCE may provide complementary information to OE-MRI regarding the tumour microenvironment, estimating lo cal perfusion and extracellular–extravascular volume,(OConnor, Naish et al. 2009) Subsequently, Linnik et al. validated the measurement of hypoxia validated OE-MRI using a murine glioma xenograft with histopathological confirmation. The study involved 5 patients, who underwent the same imaging protocol of the rats: OE-MRI and DCE-MRI and histological confirmation with reduced pimonidazole adducts and CD31 staining. Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) was also calculated for the R1 curve for OE-MRI and the gadolinium concentration curve for DCE-MRI. Whereas DCE-MRI did not relate to hypoxia in the xenograft model, the authors found a strong correlation between estimation of hypoxia by means OE-MRI and histology results, supporting further research to validate also the utility of OE-MRI in the evaluation of response to therapy and prediction of prognosis (Fig.).(Linnik, Scott et al. 2014) DWI-MRI instead has been used to clarify the mechanism of action of bevacizumab role, scanning patients with recurrent GBM before and after treatment with bevacizumab.(Rieger, Bahr et al. 2010) The mechanism of action of bevacizumab is still matter of debate. It is thought to produce damage to the endothelial cells, decreasing transport of nutrients and oxygen to the tumour cells,(Field, Jordan et al. 2014) but recently, it has been postulated an alternative theory: antiangiogenic therapy could stimulate a â€Å"vascular normalization†, which would allow improved chemotherapy delivery and radiation effects through enhanced oxygen delivery.(Jain 2005) The study showed that bevacizumab induced stroke-like lesions with diffusion restriction and corresponding ADC decrease in 13 out of 18 patients enrolled in the study. A biopsy, performed in ADC-decreased lesion in one patient, demonstrated and nuclear hypoxia with HIF-1ÃŽ ± up-regulation atypical necrosis but no tumour recurrence , supporting the hypothesis that bevacizumab-increases hypoxia in the tumour bed, expecially in case of prolonged treatment. Furthermore the imaging analysis revealed that regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) were decreased in responders with diffusion restricted lesions.(Rieger, Bahr et al. 2010) Recently the effect of anti-angiogenic therapy has been investigated by a new technique, called vessel architectural imaging (VAI) which analyses the temporal shift in the MR signal estimating the vessel calibre and provides additional information about the microcirculation and oxygen saturation levels. From preliminary investigations, VAI seems to be a reliable MRI method to demonstrate the effect of anti-angiogenic therapy.(Emblem, Mouridsen et al. 2013) Other authors suggested AVOL, a measure of arteriovenous overlap (voxels with both arteriosus and venous perfusion characteristics), as index of abnormal tumour microvasculature and as indicator o f bevacizumab therapy efficacy.(LaViolette, Cohen et al. 2013) Barajas and colleagues (Barajas, Phillips et al. 2012) investigated histopathological and physiologic MRI features using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic susceptibility–weighted, and contrast enhanced perfusion imaging (DSC). Image-guided tissue specimens were taken from contrast enhanced (CE) and non-enhancing (NE) regions in GBM (93 CE and 26 NE regions from 51 patients with newly diagnosed GBM). The authors analysed variables of anatomic, imaging, and histopathological features (tumour score, cell density, proliferation, architectural disruption, hypoxia, and microvascular hyperplasia). Tissue samples from CE regions were found to have increased tumour score, cellular density, proliferation, and architectural disruption compared with NE regions.(Barajas, Phillips et al. 2012) MRI in the evaluation of perfusion Perfusion measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) has been proposed as a method for identifying angiogenically active tumours. Increased angiogenesis in high-grade gliomas is correlated with higher cerebral blood volume (CBV) after contrast administration with dynamic MRI, relative to contralateral normal white matter rCBF and tumour aggressiveness. (Provenzale, York et al. 2006, Gruner, Paamand et al. 2012) Also microvascular density (MVD) of tumour tissue has been shown to relate to tumour behaviour and prognosis. Furthermore it has been demonstrated that abnormalities in contrast agent recirculation provide independent information concerning the microcirculation and may be of value as surrogate markers in trials of antiangiogenic therapy.(Alan Jackson 2002) Early changes of rCBV, evaluated by MRI before and at weeks 1-2 and 3-4 during radiotherapy, can indicate response to treatment and correlate with survival [Cao]. Also Galban investigated the predictive impact of MRI in this setting, suggesting the use of voxel-by-voxel parametric response maps at 3 weeks after radiotherapy to predict overall survival.(Galban, Chenevert et al. 2009) Another MRI technique which has shown promises in the assessment of the tumour microvascular environment is susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), which aims to underline the susceptibility differences between tissues. Liu et al. demonstrated that R2*values are significantly different between high-grade gliomas, low-grade gliomas, postulating that these differences may be related to the different content of deoxyhaemoglobin.(Liu, Liao et al. 2014)

History of FedEx Essay examples -- Deliver History FedEx Historical Es

History of FedEx How â€Å"Absolutely, Positively Overnight!† Came To Be Mark Twain once said, â€Å"The man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds†. This phrase could be applied to Fred Smith and Federal Express. From their beginnings in Little Rock, Arkansas in the early 70’s delivering 186 packages overnight to 25 U.S. cities, to three decades later parlaying it’s $20 billion dollar corporation into no less than five major operation companies. FedEx has become the world’s leader in global express transportation, providing fast delivery of documents, packages and freight shipments worldwide. As a result, the name â€Å"Fed Ex† is used in much the same manner as name â€Å"Band Aid† has today. Many use this term generically meaning all forms of overnight or rapid delivery systems. The powerful FedEx brand and the ever-familiar purple, orange and white colored letters are a welcome sight as deadlines near. History of Moving Freight – The mail actually saved the future of passenger flight, but ironically outgrew it and needed its own logistical changes. Fledging airmail service started in the U.S in 1918. The Post Office began regular delivery service between New York and Washington D.C., totaling a distance of 218 miles, using four U.S. Army Curtiss Jenny’s in which about 140 pounds of mail could be loaded into the front cockpits. Although before that, Aeromarine Airways flew passengers, airmail, and freight between Key West and Havana in November 1919 (Air Trans 95,105,319). The regular handling of larger packages did not occur until later on in the 1920’s. In those days, and for obvious reasons, air mail was considered pretty much a â€Å"suicide club† due to the lack of proper equipment, established airways and related equipment. Thus, the pioneers of early airmail routes must be credited for their efforts, as they established through their sacrifices, the foundation upon which commercial air transportation was built. The honor of being the first air freight operator would probably have to go to Henry Ford, who at the time owned Ford Air Transport and was just as well known in aviation as in the automobile industry. The first original all-cargo air carriers were Slick Airways, United States Airlines, the Flying Tiger Line, and Air News. All were certified in 1949, but most were gone within a 5-year period (Air Trans 323). Comme... ... air fleet and gives FE the right to place more than 10,000 of its drop boxes in post offices across the country. But this does little to address the Memphis-based carrier’s bigger problems: UPS, which has been winning market share from FE in e-commerce shipments (Internet). The Future What customers and companies are looking for already, is a way to ship packages without going through several steps, and be able to track â€Å"real-time† the shipping data. Fed Ex’s new data tracking network rolling out soon, should do the trick. The bottom line is that FedEx continues to deliver. They gave birth to the modern air/ground express industry with hard work and ingenuity, and they will continue to lead the way into the future. Work Cited About FedEX. http://www .fedex.com/us/about/express (4/29/01). Holmes, Robert B. Air Mail. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc./Publishers, 1981. Kane, Robert M. Air Transportation. Kendall/Hunt Publishing. Debuque, Iowa, 1999. Sigafoos, Robert A. and Roger R. Easson. Absolutely Positively Overnight. St Lukes Press, Memphis, 1988. Trimble, Vance, and Sam Walton. Overnight Success. Crown Publishers, Inc. New York, 1993.

The Theme of Courage in Red Badge of Courage :: Red Badge Courage Essays

The Theme of Courage in Red Badge of Courage The Red Badge of Courage is a fictional psychological portrait of a young soldier named Henry Fleming, tracing the thread of his emotions and reactions to events that transpire during an unnamed battle of the Civil War (spark notes). Henry is an average farmer from New York. Henry wants to go to war and become a hero like the one he read about in his school. The story starts off with everyone sitting in regiment camp by the river with rumors flowing around. While everyone is thinking about what they will do in war, Henry was thinking of how is he going to react when he goes to the battlefields. How would he react if he was to die? He said, no matter what happens he will not run from a fight. Two of the other guys in the army had about the same courage as Henry, but none of them ever said that they will not run away. Before he can go on to fight in battle, the army puts him in a battle to see if he runs away from fight or not. The northern army is finally put on the move and marched across the river, where they meet with Southern forces. Henry's regiment takes a reserve position, so Henry gets to see a battle before going in to an action himself. Finally his regiment drives back the enemy and Henry feels a joy of success. Then enemy charges again, but Henry flees thinking his regiment will be overrun by the enemy. As he running and trying to justify to himself why he is running. When he gets to the woods he sees a dead man in a clearing. Henry takes the man and runs to the army's rear to get the man some help. Instead he finds his friend Jim Conkin from his regiment, who has been shot in the side. Henry tried to help Jim with another man called "Tattered Soldier." Jim could not hold on and died. After Jims death, Henry felt angry and left the Tattered Soldier alone to die in field, but it always came back to haunt Henry. After he leaves the Tattered Soldier, he sees the enemy charging and rushes back to the union regiment.

The Benefits and Drawbacks of a Binary Tree Versus a Bushier Tree

Homework 3 4. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of a binary tree versus a bushier tree. The structure of binary is simple than a bushier tree. Each parent node only has two child. It save the storage space. Besides, binary tree may deeper than bushier tree. The result record of binary may not very refine. 5. Construct a classification and regression tree to classify salary based on the other variables. Do as much as you can by hand, before turning to the software. Data: NO. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Staff Sales Management Occupation Service Gender Female Male Male Male Female Male Female Female Male Female Male Age 45 25 33 25 35 26 45 40 30 50 25 Salary $48,000 $25,000 $35,000 $45,000 $65,000 $45,000 $70,000 $50,000 $40,000 $40,000 $25,000 Level Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 3 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 2 Level 1 Candidate Splits for t=Root Node Candidate Split 1 2 3 Left Child Node, tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Management Occupation = Sales Right Child Node, tR Occupation = {Management, Sales, Staff} Occupation = {Service, Sales, Staff} Occupation = {Service, Management, Staff} 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) Root Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0. 27 0. 73 0. 33 0. 33 0. 33 0. 00 0. 13 0. 25 0. 38 0. 29 0. 25 0. 40 0. 23 0. 36 0. 64 0. 00 0. 18 0. 82 0. 00 0. 18 0. 82 0. 50 0. 45 0. 55 0. 00 0. 27 0. 73 0. 67 0. 36 0. 64 0. 50 0. 45 0. 55 0. 40 0. 55 0. 45 0. 33 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 20 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 33 0. 29 0. 25 0. 20 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 0 0. 33 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 29 0. 38 0. 40 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 40 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 14 0. 13 0. 20 0. 29 0. 22 0. 11 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 43 0. 22 0. 22 0. 33 0. 38 0. 43 0. 33 0. 20 0. 25 0. 33 1. 00 0. 00 0. 22 0. 22 0. 00 0. 25 0. 29 0. 33 0. 40 0. 25 0. 33 0. 00 0. 46 0. 30 0. 30 0. 50 0. 40 0. 46 0. 93 0. 50 0. 46 0. 40 1. 60 0. 66 0. 26 0. 40 0. 46 0. 53 0. 66 0. 46 0. 46 0. 30 0. 23 0. 26 0. 33 0. 44 0. 33 0. 38 0. 29 0. 33 0. 40 0. 50 0. 33 0. 00 10 0. 64 0. 36 0. 29 11 0. 73 0. 27 0. 25 12 0. 91 0. 09 0. 20 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 6, when occupation=†Management†(Left Branch), occupation=†Service or Sales or Staff†(Right Branch) After the first split, left child has records 4,5,6,7, right child has records 1,2,3,8,9,10,11. Now we split the left child which has records 4,5,6,7. Candidate Split 5 6 7 10 Left Child Node, tL Gender = Male Age 35 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) each candidate split, for decision node A 5 6 7 0. 50 0. 50 0. 25 0. 75 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 0 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 67 1. 00 1. 00 0. 38 0. 50 0. 38 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 33 10 0. 75 0. 25 Optimality measure maximized to 1. 00, when Gender=†Male†(Left Branch), Gender=†Female†(Right Branch) After this split, both left branch and right branch terminate to pure leaf node. The left child has records 4. 6 which value=†Level 3†³ and the right child has record 5,7 which value=†Level 4†³. Now we split the right child of root node which has records 1,2,3,8,9,10,11.Candidate Split 1 3 Left Child Node, tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Right Child Node, tR Occupation = {Sales, Staff} Occupation = {Service, Staff} 4 5 6 8 9 11 12 Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR ) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) each candidate split, for decision node B 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 0. 43 0. 57 0. 29 0. 71 0. 29 0. 71 0. 43 0. 57 0. 29 0. 71 0. 43 0. 57 0. 57 0. 43 0. 33 0. 00 0. 50 0. 00 1. 0 0. 67 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 33 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 25 0. 40 0. 50 0. 25 0. 00 0. 49 0. 16 0. 40 0. 40 0. 50 0. 60 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 1. 00 0. 20 0. 40 0. 00 0. 40 0. 50 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 41 0. 41 0. 49 0. 41 0. 49 0. 49 0. 41 0. 24 0. 33 0. 33 0. 65 0. 82 0. 65 0. 65 0. 33 0. 33 0. 50 0. 33 0. 00 0. 33 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 11 0. 71 0. 29 12 0. 86 0. 14 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 2, when Age†25†³(Right Branch) After this split, the left branch terminates to pure leaf node which has records 2,11 and value=†Level 1†³. The right branch has records 1,3,8,9,10. Now we split th e right child which has records 1,3,8,9,10. Candidate Split Left Child Node, tL Right Child Node, tR 1 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? (s|t) ach candidate split, for decision node C 1 3 4 5 8 9 0. 40 0. 60 0. 40 0. 60 0. 20 0. 80 0. 60 0. 40 0. 20 0. 80 0. 40 0. 60 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 67 0. 67 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 1. 00 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 48 0. 48 0. 32 0. 48 0. 32 0. 48 0. 48 0. 32 0. 16 0. 16 0. 32 0. 64 0. 32 0. 64 0. 16 0. 32 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 50 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 33 1. 00 1. 00 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 11 0. 60 0. 40 12 0. 0 0. 20 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 64, when Gender=†Female†(Left Branch), Gender=†Male†(Right Branch) After this split, the right branch terminates to pure leaf node which has records 3,9 and the value=†Level 2†³. The left branch has records 1,8,9. Now we split the left child which has records 1,8,10. Candidate Split 1 3 4 11 12 Left Child Node,s tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(s|t) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1|tL) P(L=2|tL) P(L=3|tL) P(L=4|tL) P(L=1|tR) P(L=2|tR) P(L=3|tR) P(L=4|tR) 2PLPR ? s|t) each candidate split, for decision node D 1 3 4 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 44 0. 44 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 89 0. 44 0. 89 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 11 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 12 0. 67 0. 33 0. 00 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 89, when Occupation=†Staff†(Left Branch), Occupation=†Service or Sales†(Right Branch) After this split, both the left and right branch terminate to pure leaf node.The left branch has record 10 which value=†Level 2†³ and the right branch has records 1 and 8 which value=†Level 3†³. In summary, we construct the CART tree below, Root Node (All Records) Occupation management vs. not management Occupation=man agement Occupationmanag ement Decision Node A (Records 4,5,6,7 ) Gender=Female Gender=Male Age25 Level 3 (Records 4,6) Level 4 (Records 5,7) Decision Node C (Records 1,3,8,9,10) Gender=Female Decision Node D (Records 1,8,10) Gender=Male Level 2 (Records 3,9) Occupation=Staff Level 3 Occupation=Service or Sales Level 2 (Record 10) Records 1. 8) 6. Construct a C4. 5 decision tree to classify salary based on the other variables. Do as much as you can by hand, before turning to the software. Below is all candidate split and information gain for root node Candidate Split 1 Child Nodes Occupation = Service Occupation = Management Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff 2 Gender = Female Gender = Male Age 25 Age 26 Age 30 Age 33 7 Age 35 8 Age 40 9 Age 45 0. 19 0. 12 0. 15 0. 38 Information Gain 0. 78 3 0. 55 4 0. 58 5 0. 38 6 0. 38 Candidate split 1 has highest Information Gain=0. 8 bits and chosen for initial split. And the initial split produces four second level decision node, decision node A,B,C and D. Then do the same process again until all leaf nodes have same target class values. The C4. 5 decision tree is below. Root Node(All Records) Occupation=Service, Management, Sales or Staff Occupation=Staff Occupation=Service Occupation= Management Decision Node A (Records 1,2,3) Decision Node B (Records 4,5,6,7) Occupation= Sales Decision Node C (Records 8,9) Decision Node D (Records 10,1 1) Gender=Female Level 4 (Records 5,7)Gender=Male Level 3 (Records 4,6) Gender=Male Gender=Female Gender=Male Level 2 Gender=Female Level 3 (Record 8) Level 2 (Record 9) (Record 10) Level 1 (Record 11) Gender=Female Level 3 (Record 1) Gender=Male Decision Node E (Records 2,3) Age25 Level 1 (Record 2) Level 2 (Record 3) 7. Compare the two decision trees and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each. In this case, CART tree is deeper than C4. 5 tree. CART algorithm says each node(except left node) can only have two child. But C4. 5 algorithm don't have this restriction. Besides, most of leaf nodes of C4. tree have only one record, it may cause overfitting. 8. Generate the full set of decision rules for the CART decision tree. Antecedent if Occupation = Management and Gender = Male if Occupation = Management and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, Sales, Staff and Age 25 and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, Sales and Age ; 25 and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, S ales, Staff and Age ; 25 and Gender = Male Consequent then Level 3 then Level 4 then Level 1 then Level 2 then Level 3 then Level 2 Support 2 2 2 1 2 2 Confidence 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 9.Generate the full set of decision rules for the C4. 5 decision tree. Antecedent if Occupation = Service and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service and Gender = Male and Age 25 if Occupation = Management and Gender = Female if Occupation = Management and Gender = Male if Occupation = Sales and Gender = Female if Occupation = Sales and Gender = Male if Occupation = Staff and Gender = Female if Occupation = Staff and Gender = Male Consequent then Level 3 then Level 1 then Level 2 then Level 4 then Level 3 then Level 3 then Level 2 then Level 2 then Level 1 Support 1/11 1/11 1/11 2/11 2/11 /11 1/11 1/11 1/11 Confidence 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 10. Compare the two sets of decision rules and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each. CART only has two branches, support is mor e than C4. 5, that is to say the result is not very refine. It is deeper than other trees most of the time. But it is easy to interpret. C4. 5 can have several branches. Support of C4. 5 is less than CART. The result is more accurate.

Describe How the Setting Can Value and Celebrate Individuality Essay

Describe how the setting can value and celebrate individuality The Nursery shows respectful awareness of all the major events in the lives of the children and families in the nursery, and in our society as a whole and welcome the diversity of backgrounds from which they come. In order to achieve this, the nursery aims to acknowledge a range of cultural activities which are celebrated in our area and by the families involved with the nursery by:- †¢ Without indoctrination in specific faith, children will be made aware of the cultural activities which are being celebrated by their own families or others, and will be introduced where appropriate to the stories behind the cultural activities. We do this by asking any parents with specific interests, cultural differences or jobs of interest are invited to come in to the nursery to talk to the children. The setting has had visits from Jewish Parents to discuss Hanukah, a Paramedic explaining their job and a visit from a Farmer with his tractor! †¢ Children will be encouraged to welcome a range of different cultural activities together with the stories, celebrations and special food and clothing they involve, as part of their diversity of life. Through play, the Nursery makes the children aware of other cultures and backgrounds. Recently to make children aware of â€Å"The Chinese New Year† the children made a Chinese Dragon out of two cardboard boxes and painted pictures using chopsticks. Children are invited to taste foods from different countries at snack time. These snacks include, Rice, Guacamole, Naan Bread and Pizza. They are also able to dress up in different cultural clothes. †¢ Children and families that celebrate at home cultural activities with which the rest of the nursery is not familiar will be invited to share their activity with the rest of the group, if they wish. The nursery has had visits from Jewish Parents to discuss Hanukah. †¢ Bilingual/multilingual children and adults are an asset. They will be valued and their languages recognised and respected in the nursery. In these cases key words in their home language will be used by staff based on parental advice. †¢ The dietary rules of religious groups and also of vegetarians/vegans are known in the nursery and met in appropriate ways. Children who are unable to eat these excluded foods are offered an alternative at snack time.

Improved Ethical Conduct Essay

Improvement of ethical conduct is influential for the realization of sustainable social and economic development in any organization. Ethical conduct serves the important purpose of strengthening the reputation of an organization in the marketplace. In addition, improving ethical conduct is crucial in mitigating liability costs incurred by the organization. According to some economic and business management analysts, ethical business behavior in a company is instrumental in enhancing cooperation among its stakeholders, a move that functions to enhance the decision making process. This is also important in improving efficiency of executing business objectives. This paper is written in support of the thesis that companies should choose to understand, report on, and improve their ethical conduct as a crucial tool in ensuring sustainable competitive advantage in the market economy. Ethical conduct in an organization is important in protecting and strengthening the reputation of the company (Barnum, & Richter, 1994). According to assertion by many people in the community, reputation of a firm is the most important marketing tool for its products. Numerous research findings have provided sufficient evidence linking the purchasing behavior of customers with the perceived reputation of the producing organization. Such findings have been explained by the fact firm reputation is closely attributed with quality and reliability of services, a factor that serves to enhance customer loyalty. In addition, reputation of an organization is important in protecting and enhancing investor confidence (Barnum, & Richter, 1994). As an example is the financial scandal of Enron and WorldCom corporations in 2002. these scandals did not only lead to the collapsing of these two giant American corporations, but caused loss of billions of investor capitals, a move that compromised investor confidence in the firms. All these have the indication that enhancing ethical conduct in a company functions to ensure its competitive advantage. Still on improving ethical conduct in an organization is that it enhances the reputation of its individual employees. It has been evidently established that employee recommendations from some companies are highly recognized in the job market. This factor is driven by the fact that such companies have a strong corporate ethical code of conduct, a crucial element in defining the reliability and integrity of the individual. On the other hand, engaging in unethical business practices by individual employee serve both to enhance liability costs and compromise the reputation of the employee in the external job market. Another importance of improving ethical conduct in an organization is that it eliminates liability costs in the organization. According to the provisions of the American as well as international business laws, unethical behaviors by investments are subject to legal proceedings. This is because the law functions the purpose of protecting not only the interests of the firm but also those of the general public, a purpose that is negated by unethical business practices (Barnum, & Richter, 1994). Based on this reasoning, it means that organizations engaged in unlawful practices serve to hurt the interest of customers and investors. As an example on improving ethical conduct to mitigate liability is the legal implications brought by the ZZZZ best carpet company. According to available information, the ZZZZ Company was involved in fraud activities to enhance its competitive financial position. However, following the revelation of the scandal, it management were subjected to legal justice and the worth of the organization auctioned to compensate investor who lost in the scandal. In addition, it is not uncommon to hear of customers filing damage cases against companies for falsified advertisements of products. Ethical business conduct is vital in ensuring efficiency of services provision in the organization. Instilling a corporate culture in an organization has it crucial function in ensuring commitment by employees serving in the organization. Just to be appreciated is the fact that the ultimate success of any organization is defined by its effectiveness in meeting the demands of its customers. On the other side, effective ethical conduct dictates for commitment of all stakeholders to the vision, mission, and objectives of the organization. Therefore, improving ethical conduct in an organization is important in improving it service provisions, thus ensuring sustainable competitive advantage of the organization in the marketplace. Improving ethical business practices promotes the decision making process in the organization (Barnum, & Richter, 1994). Ethical business behavior serves to mitigate unfair dealings in an organization. It is worth noting that the decision making process of an organization is mainly driven by the financial stand of its investment. This is because such are the defining force of the measures necessary to enhance its economic expansion. This means that, without reliable financial accounting practices, the organization’s decision making process is deemed ineffective. Such practices are to be blamed for the downfall of the big corporations like WorldCom. Thus promoting ethical financial practices is crucial in enhancing the decision making process of an organization. In conclusion, business ethical practices are important component for the realization of long term competitive advantage of an organization in the marketplace. This is because they function to protect and strengthen the reputation of the firm as well as mitigating liability costs to the company. Thus companies should choose to understand, report on, and improve their ethical conduct as a crucial tool in ensuring sustainable competitive advantage in the market economy.

African Americans from 1865 Essay

African Americans have fought a great battle to become a part of society in America. Since being taken from African as slaves in the 1600’s there has been a continuous battle for equality since. Since the end of slavery Black Americans have had many accomplishments along with hardships. In this paper I will discuss some of the Major events in African American history beginning with the end of slavery which has lead to the America we know today. In 1865 Congress passed the thirteenth Amendment stating† Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction† this was the outlawing of slavery and resulted in the established the Freedmen’s Bureau to assist former slaves. President Lincoln and other Republicans were concerned that the Emancipation Proclamation, which in 1863 declared the freedom of slaves in ten Confederate states then in rebellion, would be seen as a temporary war measure, since it was based solely on Lincoln’s war powers. The Proclamation did not free any slaves in the border states nor did it abolish slavery.[1] Because of this, Lincoln and other supporters believed that an amendment to the Constitution was needed. In many parts of the South, the newly freed slaves labored under conditions similar to those existing before the war. The Union army could offer only limited protection to the ex-slaves, and Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, clearly had no interest in ensuring the freedom of southern blacks. The new president’s appointments as governors of southern states formed conservative, proslavery governments. The new state legislatures passed laws designed to keep blacks in poverty and in posit ions of servitude. Under these so-called black codes, ex-slaves who had no steady employment could be arrested and ordered to pay stiff fines. Prisoners who could not pay the sum were hired out as virtual slaves. In some areas, black children could be forced to serve as apprentices in local industries. Blacks were also prevented from buying land and were denied fair wages for their work. This became the beginning of the Reconstruction. The Freedmen’s Bureau was designed to help former slaves make the transition from slavery to freedom after the civil war. It was a federal agency mostly involving blacks of the old confederacy ( Lowe, 1993). The Freedmen’s Bureau Bill, which created the Freedmen’s Bureau in March 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.[2] The Freedmen’s Bureau was an important agency of the early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, a Civil War hero sympathetic to black s.the Bureau was operational from 1865 to 1872. It was disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant. Their responsibilities included introducing a system of free labor, overseeing some 3,000 schools for freedpersons, settling disputes and enforcing contracts between the usually white landowners and their black labor force, and securing justice for blacks in state courts. The Bureau was renewed by a Congressional bill in 1866 but was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who thought it was unconstitutional. Johnson was opposed to having the federal government secure black rights. Congress passed the bill over his veto. Southern whites were basically opposed to blacks having any rights at all, and the Bureau lacked military force to back up its authority as the army had been quickly disbanded and most of the soldiers assigned to the Western Their responsibilities included introducing a system of free labor, overseeing some 3,000 schools for freedpersons, settling disputes and enforcing contracts between the usually white landowners and their black labor force, and securing justice for b lacks in state courts. The Bureau was renewed by a Congressional bill in 1866 but was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who thought it was unconstitutional. Johnson was opposed to having the federal government secure black rights. Congress passed the bill over his veto. Southern whites were basically opposed to blacks having any rights at all, and the Bureau lacked military force to back up its authority as the army had been quickly disbanded and most of the soldiers assigned to the Western frontier. The Bureau was able to accomplish some of its goals, especially in the field of education. frontier. The Bureau was able to accomplish some of its goals, especially in the field of education. There is much more African American has to overcome and many victories and defeat, In the process of fighting for equality in 1909 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is founded in New York by prominent black and white intellectuals and led by W.E.B. Du Bois. For the next half century, it would serve as the country’s most influential African-American civil rights organization. In 1910, its journal, The Crisis, was launched. Among its well known leaders were James Weldon Johnson, Ella Baker, Moorfield Storey, Walter White, Roy Wilkins, Benjamin Hooks, Myrlie Evers-Williams, Julian Bond, and Kwesi Mfume. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the association led the black civil rights struggle in fighting injustices such as the denial of voting rights, racial violence, discrimination in employment, and segregated public facilities. Dedicated to the goal of an integrated society, the national leadership has always been interracial, although the membership has remained predominantly African American. The Harlem Renaissance flourishes in the 1920s and 1930s. This literary, artistic, and intellectual movement fosters a new black cultural identity. After the American civil war, liberated African-Americans searched for a safe place to explore their new identities as free men and women, they found it in Harlem. Also known as the New Negro Movement was a literary, artistic, cultural, intellectual movement that began in Harlem, New York after World War I and ended around 1935 during the Great Depression. The movement raised significant issues affecting the lives of African Americans through various forms of literature, art, music, drama, painting, sculpture, movies, and protests. In 1939 the NAACP established as an independent legal arm for the civil rights movement the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, which litigated to the Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the case that resulted in the high court’s landmark 1954 school-desegregation decision. The organization had also won a significant victory in 1946, with Morgan v. Virginia, which successfully barred segregation in interstate travel, setting the stage for the Freedom Rides of 1961. 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case: strikes down segregation as unconstitutional. Linda Brown, an eight-year-old African American girl, had been denied permission to attend an elementary school only five blocks from her home in Topeka, Kansas. School officials refused to register her at the nearby school, assigning her instead to a school for nonwhite students some 21 blocks from her home. Separate elementary schools for whites and nonwhites were maintained by the Board of Education in Topeka. Linda Brown’s parents filed a lawsuit to force the schools to admit her to the nearby, but segregated, school for white students. The Board of Education’s defense was that, because segregation in Topeka and elsewhere pervaded many other aspects of life, segregated schools simply prepared black children for the segregation they would face during adulthood. The board also argued that segregated schools were not neccessarily harmful to black children; great African Americans such as Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and George Washington Carver had overcome more than just segregated schools to achieve what they achieved. The request for an injunction put the court in a difficult decision. On the one hand, the judges agreed with the expert witnesses; in their decision, they wrote: Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children†¦ A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn. [8] On the other hand, the precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson allowed separate but equal school systems for blacks and whites, and no Supreme Court ruling had overturned Plessy yet. Because of the precedent of Plessy, the court felt â€Å"compelled† to rule in favor of the Board of Education. [9] The Supreme Court struck down the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine of Plessy for public education, ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, and required the desegregation of schools across America. The Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision did not abolish segregation in other public areas, such as restaurants and restrooms, nor did it require desegregation of public schools by a specific time. It did, however, declare the permissive or mandatory segregation that existed in 21 states unconstitutional. [13] It was a giant step towards complete desegregation of public schools. Even partial desegregation of these schools, however, was still very far away, as would soon become apparent. The next year 1955 A young black boy, Emmett Till, is brutally murdered for allegedly whistling at a white woman in Mississippi. Two white men charged with the crime are acquitted by an all-white jury. They later boast about committing the murder. The public outrage generated by the case helps spur the civil rights movement (Aug.). Fourteen-year-old Emmett Till was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi on August 24, 1955 when he reportedly flirted with a white cashier at a grocery store. Four days later, two white men kidnapped till, beat him, and shot him in the head. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury acquitted them. Till’s murder and open casket funeral galvanized the emerging civil rights movement. Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat at the front of the â€Å"colored section† of a bus to a white passenger (Dec.1). She was arrested and convicted of violating the laws of segregation, known as â€Å"Jim Crow laws.† Mrs. Parks appealed her conviction and thus formally challenged the legality of segregation. In response to her arrest Montgomery’s black community launch a successful year-long bus boycott. Montgomery’s buses are desegregated on Dec. 21, 1956. 1963Martin Luther King is arrested and jailed during anti-segregation protests in Birmingham, Ala. He writes â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† which advocated nonviolent disobedience. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom is attended by about 250,000 people, the largest demonstration ever seen in the nation’s capital. Martin Luther King delivers his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. The march builds momentum for civil rights legislation (Aug. 28). Despite Governor George Wallace physically blocking their way, Vivian Malone and James Hood register for classes at the University of Alabama. Four young black girls attending Sunday school are killed when a bomb explodes at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, a popular location for civil rights meetings. Riots erupt in Birmingham, leading to the deaths of two more black youths (Sept. 15). 1964 President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act, the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the nation’s benchmark civil rights legislation, and it continues to resonate in America. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes. Passage of the Act ended the application of â€Å"Jim Crow† laws, which had been upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Court held that racial segregation purported to be â€Å"separate but equal† was constitutional. The Civil Rights Act was eventually expanded by Congress to strengthen enforcement of these fundamental civil rights References Of Du Bois and Diaspora: The Challenge of African American Studies. Michael A. Gomez Journal of Black Studies , Vol. 35, No. 2, Special Issue: Back to the Future of Civilization: Celebrating 30 Years of African American Studies (Nov., 2004), pp. 175-194 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4129300 The Freedmen’s Bureau and Local Black Leadership Richard Lowe The Journal of American History , Vol. 80, No. 3 (Dec., 1993), pp. 989-998 Published by: Organization of American Historians Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080411 Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America. by Studio Museum in Harlem Review by: George C. Wright The Journal of American History , Vol. 77, No. 1 (Jun., 1990), pp. 253-261 Published by: Organization of American Historians Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2078660 Harlem Renaissance. by Nathan Irvin Huggins Review by: Charles T. Davis American Literature , Vol. 45, No. 1 (Mar., 1973), pp. 138-140 Published by: Duke University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2924561 Mary, E. Q. (2000). African-american history and culture / african-american history and culture: An on-line encyclopedia. The Booklist, 96(12), 1130-1132. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/235465516?accountid=32521 Horne, G. (2006). TOWARD A TRANSNATIONAL RESEARCH AGENDA FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY IN THE 21st CENTURY. The Journal of African American History, 91(3), 288-303. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/194472189?accountid=32521 Dr. martin luther king, jr.’s ‘letter from a birmingham jail’. (1997, Jan 16). Sentinel. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/369387622?accountid=32521

Interpreting Financial Results Essay

Target’s mission is for their customer to except the most out of them and to pay less for their products. They plan to achieve this by delivering outstanding values, continuous innovation and exceptional guest experiences. As I have research and interpret Target’s Financial Results, I was able to identify some trends they have experiences within the last three years. When it comes to Targets Liquidity Ratio, the pattern shows that from 2011 to 2013 they start up went down and slowly went back up. As for their Efficiency Ratio the trend identifies that from 2011 to 2013 they were still starting high then dropping low and slowly coming back up. Now when it comes to the Leverage Ratio Targets has continuous increase for 2011 to 2013 with just a little decrease in some areas and this also goes for the Profitability Ratio, Market Value Indicator soon. I also had the opportunity to compare the financial results of Target with their benchmarking company Walmart. Once I review Walmart’s financial results, I saw some of the same trends target had. I also notice that Walmart has a lot more revenue being generated then what Target does. I have attached a financial ratio sheet which will also confirm and identify the trends of both Target and Walmart.